Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus incorporating an improved undercoat layer

An electrophotographic photosensitive member, comprising:

• a support;
• an undercoat monolayer formed on the support;
• and
• a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat monolayer,
• wherein the undercoat monolayer comprises metal oxide particles and a compound represented by the following formula (1), and
• wherein, in the formula (1),
• R1 to R10 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, or an amino group,
• at least three of R1 to R10 are hydroxy groups, and
• X1 represents a carbonyl group or a dicarbonyl group,
• wherein the content of the compound represented by the formula (1) in the undercoat monolayer is not less than 0.05% by mass and not more than 4% by mass relative to the total mass of the metal oxide particles in the undercoat monolayer.