Distributed hierarchical control architecture for integrating smart grid assets during normal and disrupted operations

One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing computer-executable instructions for causing an area controller, when programmed thereby, to perform balancing operations to coordinate the distribution of electricity to and from multiple feeder networks of an area of a power system, the balancing operations comprising, with computing hardware of the area controller:

• during participation in a transactive control energy market that has time intervals with a first frequency, repeatedly, at a second frequency faster than the first frequency:
• monitoring a system frequency at the area;
• computing a power flow reference value, indicative of an inter-area power flow;
• computing an area control error based at least in part on the system frequency and the power flow reference value;
• and
• controlling one or more electrical generators in the area to adjust their supply and thereby reduce the area control error and improve stability of the power system.

An area controller comprising computing hardware, wherein the area controller is configured to perform balancing operations to coordinate the distribution of electricity to and from multiple feeder networks of an area in parallel with a transactive control energy market in which the area controller operates, the balancing operations comprising:

• monitoring a system frequency at the area;
• receiving first power reference values for balancing a power system that includes the area;
• receiving second power reference values for a current cleared time interval of the transactive control energy market;
• computing a power flow reference value indicative of an inter-area power flow, based at least in part on measured area real and reactive power, the first power reference values, and the second power reference values;
• computing an area control error based at least in part on the system frequency and the power flow reference value;
• and
• controlling one or more electrical generators in the area to adjust their supply and thereby reduce the area control error.

A method for operating an area controller configured to coordinate the distribution of electricity to and from multiple feeder networks of an area, comprising:

• by computing hardware:
• monitoring a system frequency at the area;
• computing a power flow reference value, indicative of an inter-area power flow, based on a weighted sum of:
• (a) differences between measured area real and reactive power and power reference values set by a system-wide Balancing Authority (BA);
• and (b) differences between the measured area real and reactive power and power reference values for a current cleared time interval of a transactive control energy market in which the area controller operates, wherein (a) is weighted more heavily during contingencies and (b) is weighted more heavily during normal operation;
• computing an area control error based at least in part on the system frequency and the power flow reference value;
• and
• controlling one or more electrical generators in the area to adjust their supply and thereby reduce the area control error.

A method for operating a feeder controller configured to coordinate the distribution of electricity to and from multiple electrical devices coupled to a feeder controlled by the feeder controller, comprising, by computing hardware:

• monitoring a system frequency at the feeder;
• computing a feeder power reference value based on a weighted sum of:
• (a) differences between measured feeder real and reactive power and power reference values set by an area controller;
• and (b) differences between the measured feeder real and reactive power and power reference values for the feeder for a current cleared time interval of a transactive control energy market in which the feeder controller operates, wherein (a) is weighted more heavily during contingencies and (b) is weighted more heavily during normal operation;
• computing a feeder control error based at least in part on the system frequency and the feeder power reference value;
• computing one or more setpoints for one or more electrical devices coupled to the feeder, the setpoints being configured to adjust performance of the one or more electrical devices and thereby reduce the feeder control error;
• and
• transmitting the one or more setpoints to controllers for the one or more electrical devices.

One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing computer-executable instructions for causing an area controller, when programmed thereby, to perform operations to coordinate the distribution of electricity to and from multiple feeder networks of an area, the operations comprising, with computing hardware of the area controller:

• monitoring a system frequency at the area;
• computing a power flow reference value, indicative of an inter-area power flow, based on a weighted sum of:
• (a) differences between measured area real and reactive power and power reference values set by a system-wide Balancing Authority (BA);
• and (b) differences between the measured area real and reactive power and power reference values for a current cleared time interval of a transactive control energy market in which the area controller operates, wherein (a) is weighted more heavily during contingencies and (b) is weighted more heavily during normal operation;
• computing an area control error based at least in part on the system frequency and the power flow reference value;
• and
• controlling one or more electrical generators in the area to adjust their supply and thereby reduce the area control error.

An area controller comprising computing hardware, wherein the area controller is configured to perform operations to coordinate the distribution of electricity to and from multiple feeder networks of an area, the operations comprising:

• monitoring a system frequency at the area;
• computing a power flow reference value, indicative of an inter-area power flow, based on a weighted sum of:
• (a) differences between measured area real and reactive power and power reference values set by a system-wide Balancing Authority (BA);
• and (b) differences between the measured area real and reactive power and power reference values for a current cleared time interval of a transactive control energy market in which the area controller operates, wherein (a) is weighted more heavily during contingencies and (b) is weighted more heavily during normal operation;
• computing an area control error based at least in part on the system frequency and the power flow reference value;
• and
• controlling one or more electrical generators in the area to adjust their supply and thereby reduce the area control error.

One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing computer-executable instructions for causing a feeder controller, when programmed thereby, to perform operations to coordinate the distribution of electricity to and from multiple electrical devices coupled to a feeder controlled by the feeder controller, the operations comprising, with computing hardware of the feeder controller:

• monitoring a system frequency at the feeder;
• computing a feeder power reference value based on a weighted sum of:
• (a) differences between measured feeder real and reactive power and power reference values set by an area controller;
• and (b) differences between the measured feeder real and reactive power and power reference values for the feeder for a current cleared time interval of a transactive control energy market in which the feeder controller operates, wherein (a) is weighted more heavily during contingencies and (b) is weighted more heavily during normal operation;
• computing a feeder control error based at least in part on the system frequency and the feeder power reference value;
• computing one or more setpoints for one or more electrical devices coupled to the feeder, the setpoints being configured to adjust performance of the one or more electrical devices and thereby reduce the feeder control error;
• and
• transmitting the one or more setpoints to controllers for the one or more electrical devices.