Atomic cell, quantum interference device, atomic oscillator, electronic device and moving object

An atomic cell comprising:

• a body having a first end opposite to a second end, and an open interior space extending from the first end to the second end, the body being configured such that light travelling in a light passing direction enters the body from the first end, passes through the interior space of the body, and exits the body from the second end;
• a circumferential wall provided in the body between the first and second ends, the circumferential wall configuring a periphery of the interior space;
• a transparent top hermetically sealed to the first end of the body so as to entirely overlap the circumferential wall;
• a transparent bottom hermetically sealed to the second end of the body so as to entirely overlap the circumferential wall;
• a gaseous alkali metal in the interior space;
• a liquid alkali metal in the interior space;
• and
• a metal retaining interior surface on the circumferential wall, the metal retaining interior surface being configured to retain the liquid alkali metal, the metal retaining interior surface extending in the light passing direction, the liquid alkali metal having a contact angle with respect to the metal retaining interior surface in the light passing direction of less than 90°, and
• a contact angle of the liquid alkali metal with respect to each of the first and second ends is larger than the contact angle with respect to the metal retaining interior surface.

An atomic cell comprising:

• a body having a first end opposite to a second end, and an open interior space extending from the first end to the second end, the body being configured such that light travelling in a light passing direction enters the body from the first end, passes through the interior space of the body, and exits the body from the second end;
• a wall provided in the body between the first and second ends, the wall configuring a periphery of the interior space;
• a gaseous metal enclosed within the interior space;
• and
• a liquid metal enclosed within the interior space,
• wherein the wall is configured with a metal retaining interior wall surface on which the liquid metal is retained,
• the metal retaining interior wall surface axially extends in the light passing direction, and
• a contact angle of the liquid metal with respect to the metal retaining interior wall surface in the light passing direction is less than 90°, and
• wherein the metal retaining interior wall surface of the metal reservoir is a roughened etched surface by processing a roughing treatment, and
• each of surfaces of the first and second ends through which the light passes is not the roughened etched surface.

An atomic cell comprising:

• a body having a first end opposite to a second end, and an open interior space extending from the first end to the second end, the body being configured such that light travelling in a light passing direction enters the body from the first end, passes through the interior space of the body, and exits the body from the second end;
• a wall provided in the body between the first and second ends, the wall configuring a periphery of the interior space;
• a gaseous metal enclosed within the interior space;
• and
• a liquid metal enclosed within the interior space,
• wherein the wall is configured with a metal retaining interior wall surface on which the liquid metal is retained,
• the metal retaining interior wall surface axially extends in the light passing direction, and
• a contact angle of the liquid metal with respect to the metal retaining interior wall surface in the light passing direction is less than 90°, and
• the liquid metal is spread out along the metal retaining interior wall surface.