# US 9,752,969 B2 · Universal mechanical tester for measuring friction and wear characteristics of materials > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 9,752,969 B2 - Document ID: US9752969B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 14/682,115 - Filed: 2015-04-09 - Published: 2015-10-15 - Granted: 2017-09-05 - Earliest claimed: 2014-04-09 - Assignees: Bruker Nano, Inc. - Applicants: Douglas Werner; Vladislov Dorfman; Adrian Correa; William Sloan - Inventors: Douglas Werner; Vladislov Dorfman; Adrian Correa; William Sloan - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US9752969B2 ## CPC - G01N 3/56: Investigating resistance to wear or abrasion - G01K 13/00: Thermometers specially adapted for specific purposes - G01N 19/02: Measuring coefficient of friction between materials {(testing of tyres G01M17/02; determinations of friction coefficient used in vehicle braking or traction control systems B60T8/172)} - G01N 29/04: Analysing solids (using acoustic emission techniques G01N29/14) - G01N 29/14: using acoustic emission techniques {(echo of particles G01N29/046; measuring mechanical vibrations or acoustic waves in solids in general G01H1/00)} - G01N: INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (measuring or testing apparatus or processes other than immunoassay, involving enzymes or microorganisms C12M, C12Q) - G01K: MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (radiation pyrometry G01J5/00) ## Abstract A universal tester includes modular sample stages, each dedicated to a test configuration. The modules are manually coupled to the base of the tester and automatically recognized for activation of the correct software relevant to its configuration and test scripts. As a result, no extraneous script can be activated erroneously by an operator. A single motor in the frame of the tester actuates the drive of each sample stage through a drivetrain that is automatically engaged by the manual installation of the stage. Means for controlling and/or measuring temperature, humidity, voltage, resistance, and acoustic emissions are provided through dedicated expansion slots and cards that activate respective software. An electronic identification in each card ensures that only relevant software is enabled. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A universal apparatus for testing wear and friction characteristics of a material, comprising: a frame that includes a carriage moveable along a vertical plane and a slide moveable along a horizontal plane; a force sensor assembly coupled to said slide; a holder for an upper specimen, said holder being coupled to the force sensor assembly; a mechanism for causing said upper specimen to exert a predetermined force on a lower specimen; a plurality of modular sample stages, each of said stages including a support for said lower specimen and a mechanism for producing a motion of the lower specimen relative to said upper specimen, said motion being rotational around a horizontal axis in one of said stages, rotational around a vertical axis in another of said stages, and linearly reciprocating along a horizontal direction in yet another of the stages; a base for alternatively supporting one of the stages, said base including a locking mechanism for coupling said one of the stages to the base and a rotational drive adapted for engagement of said mechanism for producing a motion of the lower specimen; a motor housed in said frame, said motor being adapted for actuation of said rotational drive; a controller for varying said force exerted on the sample; a processor programmed for executing a predetermined set of test operations; and means for identifying said one of the stages coupled to the base and for automatically enabling only a subset of said test operations, said subset corresponding to the one of the stages coupled to the base. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, further including means for measuring a temperature of the upper and lower specimens. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) The apparatus of claim 2, further including an expansion slot and a corresponding expansion card with electronic circuitry configured to activate test protocols relevant to said means for measuring said temperature. ### Claim 4 (depends on 3) The apparatus of claim 3, wherein said card contains an electronic identification that is automatically recognized by said processor to enable only said test protocols. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, further including means for measuring a humidity in an environment containing said upper and lower specimens. ### Claim 6 (depends on 5) The apparatus of claim 5, further including an expansion slot and a corresponding expansion card with electronic circuitry configured to activate test protocols relevant to said means for measuring said humidity. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) The apparatus of claim 6, wherein said card contains an electronic identification that is automatically recognized by said processor to enable only said test protocols. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, further including means for controlling and measuring a voltage applied to said upper and lower specimens. ### Claim 9 (depends on 8) The apparatus of claim 8, further including an expansion slot and a corresponding expansion card with electronic circuitry configured to activate test protocols relevant to said means for controlling and measuring said voltage. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) The apparatus of claim 9, wherein said card contains an electronic identification that is automatically recognized by said processor to enable only said test protocols. ### Claim 11 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, further including means for controlling and measuring a resistance across said upper and lower specimens. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) The apparatus of claim 11, further including an expansion slot and a corresponding expansion card with electronic circuitry configured to activate test protocols relevant to said means for controlling and measuring said resistance. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) The apparatus of claim 12, wherein said card contains an electronic identification that is automatically recognized by said processor to enable only said test protocols. ### Claim 14 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, further including means for measuring an acoustic emission of said upper and lower specimens. ### Claim 15 (depends on 14) The apparatus of claim 14, further including an expansion slot and a corresponding expansion card with electronic circuitry configured to activate test protocols relevant to said means for measuring said acoustic emission. ### Claim 16 (depends on 15) The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said card contains an electronic identification that is automatically recognized by said processor to enable only said test protocols. ### Claim 17 A universal apparatus for testing wear and friction characteristics of a material, comprising: a frame that includes a carriage moveable along a vertical plane and a slide moveable along a horizontal plane; a force sensor assembly coupled to said slide; a holder for an upper specimen, said holder being coupled to the force sensor assembly; a mechanism for causing said upper specimen to exert a predetermined force on a lower specimen; a plurality of modular sample stages, each of said stages including a support for said lower specimen and a mechanism for producing a motion of the lower specimen relative to said upper specimen, said motion being rotational around a horizontal axis in one of said stages, rotational around a vertical axis in another of said stages, and linearly reciprocating along a horizontal direction in yet another of the stages; a base for alternatively supporting one of the stages, said base including a locking mechanism for coupling said one of the stages to the base and a rotational drive adapted for engagement of said mechanism for producing a motion of the lower specimen; a motor housed in said frame, said motor being adapted for actuation of said rotational drive; a controller for varying said force exerted on the sample; a processor programmed for executing a predetermined set of test operations; means for identifying a sample stage coupled to the base and for automatically enabling only a subset of said test operations, said subset corresponding to the sample stage coupled to the base; means for measuring a temperature of the upper and lower specimens; an expansion slot and a corresponding expansion card with an enabling electronic identification for activating test protocols relevant only to said means for measuring said temperature; means for measuring a humidity in an environment containing said upper and lower specimens; a second expansion slot and a corresponding expansion card with an enabling electronic identification for activating test protocols relevant only to said means for measuring said humidity; means for controlling and measuring a voltage applied to said upper and lower specimens; a third expansion slot and a corresponding expansion card with an enabling electronic identification for activating test protocols relevant only to said means for controlling and measuring said voltage; means for controlling and measuring a resistance across said upper and lower specimens; a fourth expansion slot and a corresponding expansion card with an enabling electronic identification for activating test protocols relevant only to said means for controlling and measuring said resistance; means for measuring an acoustic emission of said upper and lower specimens; and a fifth expansion slot and a corresponding expansion card with an enabling electronic identification for activating test protocols relevant to said means for measuring said acoustic emission.