Core-first nanoparticle formation process, nanoparticle, and composition

A rubber composition comprising:

• an elastomer;
• and
• a core-shell particle comprising:
• a core formed from a polymeric seed that includes a mono-vinyl monomer core species cross-linked with a cross-linking agent, the core having an average diameter of from about 5nanometers to about 1,000 nanometers;
• a shell comprising a shell species grafted or polymerized to the core, wherein if the shell species comprises polymer chains, the shell comprises polymer brushes of the shell species;
• wherein the shelll species is selected from the group consisting of:
• a fatty acid ester, triglyceride, or a vegetable oil.

A rubber composition comprising:

• an elastomer;
• and
• a core-shell particle comprising:
• a core formed from a polymeric seed that includes a mono-vinyl monomer core species cross-linked with a cross-linking agent, the core having an average diameter of from about 5nanometers to about 1,000 nanometers;
• a shell comprising a shell species grafted or polymerized to the core, wherein if the shell species comprises polymer chains, the shell comprises polymer brushes of the shell species;
• wherein the shell species comprises one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of:
• polyurethane, polyester, polyimide, poly(carbonate), poly(epoxide), poly(siloxane), polyvinyl alcohol, polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylene oxide, halogenated butyl rubber, polyethylene teraphthalate, polyethylene glycol, polyphenylene oxide, polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether, pyridine, carbazole, imidazole, diethylaminostyrene, pyrollidone, fatty acid ester, triglyceride, vegetable oil, and castor oil;
• further comprising a residue of a stabilizer, wherein the stabilizer is not the shell species;
• wherein the stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of:
• styrene-butadiene diblock copolymer, polystyrene-b-polyisoprene, and polystyrene-b-polydimethylsiloxane.