Lenses, devices, methods and systems for refractive error

A lens for an eye, the lens comprising:

• an optical axis;
• an aberration profile about the optical axis and having a focal distance;
• and
• at least two optical surfaces;
• wherein the lens's optical properties can be characterised upon testing by at least the following properties:
• two or more higher order aberrations having one or more of the following components:
• a primary spherical aberration C(4,0), a secondary spherical aberration C(6,0), a tertiary spherical aberration C(8,0), a quaternary spherical aberration C(10,0), a pentanary spherical aberration C(12,0), a hexanary spherical aberration C(14,0), a heptanary spherical aberration C(16, 0), an octanary spherical aberration C(18,0) and a nanonary spherical aberration C(20,0);
• and
• wherein the aberration profile when tested on a model eye with no, or substantially no, aberrations and having an on-axis length equal, or substantially equal, to the focal distance, results in a retinal image quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope so that the RIQ decreases in a direction of eye growth, where the RIQ is determined by a visual Strehl Ratio that is measured substantially along the optical axis;
• and the RIQ is measured for a model eye with no, or substantially no, aberration and is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 5 mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive, at a wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive;
• and
• wherein the aberration profile provides a RIQ with a through focus slope that degrades in the direction of eye growth when primary astigmatism is added to the aberration profile.