# US 9,520,987 B2 · Systems and methods for timing recovery in near-field communication > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 9,520,987 B2 - Document ID: US9520987B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 14/628,798 - Filed: 2015-02-23 - Published: 2015-09-10 - Granted: 2016-12-13 - Earliest claimed: 2014-03-07 - Assignees: QUALCOMM Incorporated - Applicants: QUALCOMM Incorporated - Inventors: Eunmo Kang; Le Nguyen Luong; Koorosh Akhavan; Rajapaksa Senaratne; Thomas Cargill - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US9520987B2 ## CPC - H04L 7/0016: {correction of synchronization errors} - H04B 5/24: Inductive coupling - H04B 5/266: {One coil at each side, e.g. with primary and secondary coils} - H04B 5/77: for interrogation - H04L 25/49: using code conversion at the transmitter; using predistortion; using insertion of idle bits for obtaining a desired frequency spectrum; using three or more amplitude levels {; Baseband coding techniques specific to data transmission systems (spectral shaping H04L25/03828)} - H04B 5/40: characterised by components specially adapted for near-field transmission - H04B 5/48: Transceivers - H04L 7/033: using the transitions of the received signal to control the phase of the synchronising-signal-generating means, e.g. using a phase-locked loop - H04L 7/04: Speed or phase control by synchronisation signals {(H04L7/0075 takes precedence)} - H04L: TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION (arrangements common to telegraphic and telephonic communication H04M) - H04B: TRANSMISSION ## Abstract A method for inductively-coupled communications is described. The method includes receiving a signal. The method also includes analyzing the signal to estimate a symbol timing error. Estimating the symbol timing error may include comparing a location of a pause, a low-to-high or a high-to-low transition in the received signal with an ideal location of a pause or a transition. The method further includes adjusting symbol timing to correct for the symbol timing error. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method for inductively-coupled communications, comprising: receiving a signal from an inductively coupled communication device; analyzing the signal to estimate a symbol timing error, comprising: summing multiple samples in a first portion of the signal for a bit to form a first sum; summing multiple samples in a second portion of the signal for the bit to form a second sum; determining the symbol timing error based on at least the first sum and the second sum; and adjusting symbol timing to correct for the symbol timing error by adding or subtracting the estimated symbol timing error from a sample counter that counts samples from a start of a symbol. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein estimating the symbol timing error comprises comparing a location of a pause, a low-to-high or a high-to-low transition in the received signal with an ideal location of a pause or a transition. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein estimating the symbol timing error comprises detecting timing of a beginning of each character. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein estimating the symbol timing error is based on an output of one or more accumulators that accumulate samples during different periods in a bit duration. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the summing multiple samples in a first portion comprises summing multiple samples in a first half of the signal for the bit to form the first sum (sumH1), wherein the summing multiple samples in the second portion comprises summing multiple samples in a second half of the signal for the bit to form the second sum (sumH2), wherein the symbol timing error is further determined based on a number of samples in each of the first sum and second sum (accumlength), wherein the symbol timing error is determined using the following calculations: when sumH1 is greater than or equal to sumH2: symbol timing error=sumH1+sumH2−accumlength; and when sumH1 is less than sumH2: symbol timing error=−(sumH1+sumH2−accumlength). ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein: modulation is performed in accordance with a near-field communication type-A standard; estimating the symbol timing error comprises comparing a location of a pause in a received signal with an ideal location of a pause corresponding to a decoded bit; and adjusting the symbol timing comprises adding or subtracting the estimated symbol timing error from a sample counter. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein: modulation is performed in accordance with a near-field communication type-F standard. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein: modulation is performed in accordance with a near-field communication type-B standard in which data is sent in characters; estimating the symbol timing error comprises detecting timing of a beginning of each character; and adjusting the symbol timing comprises incrementing initial symbol timing by a fixed bit duration. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein: modulation is performed in accordance with a near-field communication type-B standard in which data is sent in characters; estimating the symbol timing error comprises detecting timing of a beginning of each character and comparing a location of a low-to-high or high-to-low transition in a received signal with an ideal location of a transition; and adjusting the symbol timing comprises adding or subtracting the estimated symbol timing error from a sample counter. ### Claim 10 A receiver for inductively-coupled communications, comprising: a receive antenna for receiving a signal from an inductively coupled communication device; a slicer that receives output samples from an analog-to-digital converter and generates a bit stream; an acquisition block that acquires packets and initial symbol timing; a decoder; and a time tracker block that analyzes the signal to estimate a symbol timing error based on the initial symbol timing and the bit stream and adjusts symbol timing to correct for the symbol timing error by adding or subtracting the estimated symbol timing error from a sample counter that counts samples from a start of a symbol, wherein the time tracker block provides the symbol timing to the decoder, wherein the time tracker block analyzes the signal by: summing multiple samples in a first portion of the signal for a bit to form a first sum; summing multiple samples in a second portion of the signal for the bit to form a second sum; determining the symbol timing error based on at least the first sum and the second sum. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) The receiver of claim 10, wherein the estimating the symbol timing error comprises the time tracker block comparing a location of a pause, a low-to-high or a high-to-low transition in the received signal with an ideal location of a pause or a transition. ### Claim 12 (depends on 10) The receiver of claim 10, wherein: modulation is performed in accordance with a near-field communication type-A standard; estimating the symbol timing error comprises the time tracker block comparing a location of a pause in a received signal with an ideal location of a pause corresponding to a decoded bit; and adjusting the symbol timing comprises the time tracker block adding or subtracting the estimated symbol timing error from a sample counter. ### Claim 13 (depends on 10) The receiver of claim 10, wherein: modulation is performed in accordance with a near-field communication type-F standard. ### Claim 14 (depends on 10) The receiver of claim 10, wherein: modulation is performed in accordance with a near-field communication type-B standard in which data is sent in characters; estimating the symbol timing error comprises the time tracker block detecting timing of a beginning of each character; and adjusting the symbol timing comprises the time tracker block incrementing initial symbol timing by a fixed bit duration. ### Claim 15 (depends on 10) The receiver of claim 10, wherein: modulation is performed in accordance with a near-field communication type-B standard in which data is sent in characters; estimating the symbol timing error comprises the time tracker block detecting timing of a beginning of each character and comparing a location of a low-to-high or high-to-low transition in a received signal with an ideal location of a transition; and adjusting the symbol timing comprises the time tracker block adding or subtracting the estimated symbol timing error from a sample counter. ### Claim 16 A computer-program product for inductively-coupled communications, the computer-program product comprising a non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions thereon, the instructions comprising: code for causing an electronic device to receive a signal from an inductively coupled communication device; code for causing the electronic device to analyze the signal to estimate a symbol timing error, comprising: code for summing multiple samples in a first half of a portion of the signal for a bit to form a first sum; code for summing multiple samples in a second half of the portion of the signal for the bit to form a second sum; code for determining the symbol timing error based on at least the first sum and the second sum; and code for causing the electronic device to adjust symbol timing to correct for the symbol timing error by adding or subtracting the estimated symbol timing error from a sample counter that counts samples from a start of a symbol. ### Claim 17 (depends on 16) The computer-program product of claim 16, wherein: modulation is performed in accordance with a near-field communication type-A standard; the code for causing the electronic device to estimate the symbol timing error comprises code for causing the electronic device to compare a location of a pause in a received signal with an ideal location of a pause corresponding to a decoded bit; and the code for causing the electronic device to adjust the symbol timing comprises code for causing the electronic device to add or subtract the estimated symbol timing error from a sample counter. ### Claim 18 (depends on 16) The computer-program product of claim 16, wherein: modulation is performed in accordance with a near-field communication type-F standard. ### Claim 19 (depends on 16) The computer-program product of claim 16, wherein: modulation is performed in accordance with a near-field communication type-B standard in which data is sent in characters; the code for causing the electronic device to estimate the symbol timing error comprises code for causing the electronic device to detect timing of a beginning of each character; and the code for causing the electronic device to adjust the symbol timing comprises code for causing the electronic device to increment initial symbol timing by a fixed bit duration. ### Claim 20 (depends on 16) The computer-program product of claim 16, wherein: modulation is performed in accordance with a near-field communication type-B standard in which data is sent in characters; the code for causing the electronic device to estimate the symbol timing error comprises code for causing the electronic device to detect timing of a beginning of each character and code for causing the electronic device to compare a location of a low-to-high or high-to-low transition in a received signal with an ideal location of a transition; and the code for causing the electronic device to adjust the symbol timing comprises code for causing the electronic device to add or subtract the estimated symbol timing error from a sample counter.