# US 9,520,512 B2 · Titanate interfacial layers in perovskite material devices > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 9,520,512 B2 - Document ID: US9520512B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 14/711,430 - Filed: 2015-05-13 - Published: 2015-09-03 - Granted: 2016-12-13 - Earliest claimed: 2013-11-26 - Assignees: Hunt Energy Enterprises, L.L.C. - Applicants: Hunt Energy Enterprises, L.L.C. - Inventors: Michael D. Irwin; Jerred A. Chute; Vivek V. Dhas - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US9520512B2 ## CPC - H10F 77/127: {comprising only Group IV-VI or only Group II-IV-VI chalcogenide materials, e.g. PbSnTe} - H01G 9/2036: {comprising mixed oxides, e.g. ZnO covered TiO2 particles} - H10F 77/12: Active materials - H10K 85/50: Organic perovskites; Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites [HOIP], e.g. CH3NH3PbI3 - H01G 9/2031: {comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2 (H01G9/2036 takes precedence)} - H01G 9/2059: {comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution} - H10K 85/633: {comprising polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons as substituents on the nitrogen atom} - H10K 85/636: {comprising heteroaromatic hydrocarbons as substituents on the nitrogen atom} - Y02E 10/542: Dye sensitized solar cells - H10F: INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION - H01G: CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE (selection of specified materials as dielectric H01B3/00; capacitors having potential barriers H10D1/62, H10K10/10) - H10K: ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES - Y02E: REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION ## Abstract Photovoltaic devices such as solar cells, hybrid solar cell-batteries, and other such devices may include an active layer disposed between two electrodes. The active layer may have perovskite material and other material such as mesoporous material, interfacial layers, thin-coat interfacial layers, and combinations thereof. The perovskite material may be photoactive. The active layer may include a titanate. The perovskite material may be disposed between two or more other materials in the photovoltaic device. Inclusion of these materials in various arrangements within an active layer of a photovoltaic device may improve device performance. Other materials may be included to further improve device performance, such as, for example: additional perovskites, and additional interfacial layers. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A photovoltaic device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; an active layer disposed at least partially between the first and second electrodes, the active layer comprising: photoactive material comprising a perovskite material; and a thin film interfacial layer comprising M′TiO3, wherein any layers disposed between the perovskite material and the thin film M′TiO3 do not comprise a mesoporous layer. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the perovskite material has the formula CMX3, wherein C comprises one or more cations each selected from the group consisting of Group 1 metals, Group 2 metals, organic cations, and combinations thereof; wherein M comprises one or more metals each selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Sn, Pb, Bi, Ge, Ti, Zn, and combinations thereof; and wherein X comprises one or more anions each selected from the group consisting of halides, pseudohalides, sulfide, selenide, and combinations thereof. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) The photovoltaic device of claim 2, wherein C is methylammonium, M is Pb, and wherein X comprises one or more halides. ### Claim 4 (depends on 2) The photovoltaic device of claim 2, wherein C is methylammonium, M is Sn, and wherein X comprises one or more halides. ### Claim 5 (depends on 2) The photovoltaic device of claim 2, wherein C is a formamidinium, M is Pb, and wherein X comprises one or more halides. ### Claim 6 (depends on 2) The photovoltaic device of claim 2, wherein C is a formamidinium, M is Sn, and wherein X comprises one or more halides. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein M′ comprises one or more cations each selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Fe, Ni, Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Pd, Pt, Sn, and Pb. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the active layer further comprises a mesoporous material. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The photovoltaic device of claim 1 wherein the active layer further comprises one or more interfacial layers comprising one or more compounds each selected from the group consisting of NiO, TiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, WO3, V2O5, MoO3, ZnO, graphite, graphene, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, and combinations thereof. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1) The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the first electrode further comprises an anode; the second electrode further comprises a cathode; and the interfacial layer is disposed between the photoactive material and the first electrode. ### Claim 11 (depends on 1) The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein: the first electrode further comprises an anode; the second electrode further comprises a cathode; and the interfacial layer is disposed between the photoactive material and the second electrode. ### Claim 12 (depends on 1) The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the active layer further comprises one or more interfacial layers comprising one or more compounds each selected from the group consisting of Al, Bi, Co, Cu, Fe, In, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pt, Si, Sn, Ta, Ti, V, W, Nb, Zn, Zr, an oxide of any of the foregoing metals, a sulfide of any of the foregoing metals, a nitride of any of the foregoing metals, alkyl silyl groups, graphite, graphene, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, a mesoporous material, and combinations thereof. ### Claim 13 (depends on 1) The photovoltaic device of claim 1 wherein the active layer further comprises an interfacial layer comprising Al2O3; the interfacial layer comprising Al2O3 is proximate to the first electrode and the interfacial layer comprising M′TiO3 is proximate to the second electrode; and the first electrode is an anode and the second electrode is a cathode. ### Claim 14 (depends on 1) The photovoltaic device of claim 1 wherein the active layer further comprises an interfacial layer comprising Al2O3; the interfacial layer comprising Al2O3 is proximate to the first electrode and the interfacial layer comprising M′TiO3 is proximate to the second electrode; and the first electrode is a cathode and the second electrode is an anode. ### Claim 15 A photovoltaic device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; and an active layer disposed at least partially between the first and second electrodes, the active layer comprising a perovskite material, and thin film M′TiO3; wherein any layers disposed between the perovskite material and the thin film M′TiO3 do not comprise a mesoporous layer; wherein M′ comprises one or more cations each selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Fe, Ni, Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Pd, Pt, Sn, and Pb, and wherein the perovskite material has the formula CMX3 and is disposed adjacent to the M′TiO3; wherein C comprises one or more cations each selected from the group consisting of Group 1 metals, Group 2 metals, organic cations, and combinations thereof; wherein M comprises one or more metals each selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Sn, Pb, Bi, Ge, Ti, Zn, and combinations thereof; and wherein X comprises one or more anions each selected from the group consisting of halides, pseudohalides, oxides, sulfides, selenides, tellurides, and combinations thereof. ### Claim 16 (depends on 15) The photovoltaic device of claim 15, wherein C is methylammonium, M is Pb, and wherein X comprises one or more halides. ### Claim 17 (depends on 15) The photovoltaic device of claim 15, wherein C is methylammonium, M is Sn, and wherein X comprises one or more halides. ### Claim 18 (depends on 15) The photovoltaic device of claim 15, wherein C is a formamidinium, M is Pb, and wherein X comprises one or more halides. ### Claim 19 (depends on 15) The photovoltaic device of claim 15, wherein C is a formamidinium, M is Sn, and wherein X comprises one or more halides. ### Claim 20 (depends on 15) The photovoltaic device of claim 15, wherein the active layer further comprises a mesoporous material. ### Claim 21 (depends on 15) The photovoltaic device of claim 15, wherein the active layer further comprises one or more compounds each selected from the group consisting of NiO, TiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, WO3, V2O5, MoO3, ZnO, graphite, graphene, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, and combinations thereof. ### Claim 22 (depends on 15) The photovoltaic device of claim 15, wherein the M′TiO3 forms at least part of an interfacial layer. ### Claim 23 (depends on 15) The photovoltaic device of claim 15, wherein the first electrode further comprises an anode; the second electrode further comprises a cathode; and the M′TiO3 is disposed between the photoactive material and the first electrode. ### Claim 24 (depends on 15) The photovoltaic device of claim 15, wherein: the first electrode further comprises an anode; the second electrode further comprises a cathode; and the M′TiO3 is disposed between the photoactive material and the second electrode. ### Claim 25 (depends on 15) The photovoltaic device of claim 15, wherein: the active layer further comprises NiO; the NiO is proximate to the first electrode and the M′TiO3 is proximate to the second electrode; and the first electrode is an anode and the second electrode is a cathode. ### Claim 26 (depends on 15) The photovoltaic device of claim 15, wherein: the active layer further comprises NiO; the NiO is proximate to the first electrode and the M′TiO3 is proximate to the second electrode; and the first electrode is a cathode and the second electrode is an anode. ### Claim 27 (depends on 15) The photovoltaic device of claim 15, wherein: the active layer further comprises carbon nanotubes; the carbon nanotubes are proximate to the first electrode and the M′TiO3 is proximate to the second electrode; and the first electrode is an anode and the second electrode is a cathode. ### Claim 28 (depends on 15) The photovoltaic device of claim 15, wherein: the active layer further comprises carbon nanotubes; the carbon nanotubes are proximate to the first electrode and the M′TiO3 is proximate to the second electrode; and the first electrode is a cathode and the second electrode is an anode. ### Claim 29 (depends on 15) The photovoltaic device of claim 15, wherein the active layer further comprises one or more compounds each selected from the group consisting of Al, Bi, Co, Cu, Fe, In, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pt, Si, Sn, Ta, Ti, V, W, Nb, Zn, Zr, an oxide of any of the foregoing metals, a sulfide of any of the foregoing metals, a nitride of any of the foregoing metals, alkyl silyl groups, graphite, graphene, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, a mesoporous material, and combinations thereof.