# US 9,519,056 B2 · System and method for evaluating wind flow fields using remote sensing devices > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 9,519,056 B2 - Document ID: US9519056B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 13/952,606 - Filed: 2013-07-27 - Published: 2014-01-30 - Granted: 2016-12-13 - Earliest claimed: 2012-07-27 - Assignees: Texas Tech University System - Applicants: Texas Tech University System - Inventors: John Schroeder; Brian Hirth; Jerry Guynes - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US9519056B2 ## CPC - G01S 13/95: for meteorological use - G01P 5/001: {Full-field flow measurement, e.g. determining flow velocity and direction in a whole region at the same time, flow visualisation} - G01S 13/589: {measuring the velocity vector} - G01S 13/87: Combinations of radar systems, e.g. primary radar and secondary radar - G01S 13/951: {ground based} - G01S 13/956: {mounted on ship or other platform} - F03D 17/00: Monitoring or testing of wind motors, e.g. diagnostics (testing during commissioning of wind motors F03D13/30) - F05B 2270/32: Wind speeds - F05B 2270/321: Wind directions - Y02A 90/10: Information and communication technologies [ICT] supporting adaptation to climate change, e.g. for weather forecasting or climate simulation - G01S: RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES - G01P: MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT (measuring or recording blood flow A61B5/02, A61B8/06; monitoring speed or deceleration of electrically-propelled vehicles B60L3/00; vehicle lighting systems adapted to indicate speed B60Q1/54; determining position or course in navigation, measuring ground distance in geodesy or surveying G01C; combined measuring devices for measuring two or more variables of movement G01C23/00; measuring velocity of sound G01H; measuring velocity of light G01J7/00; measuring direction or velocity of solid objects by reception or emission of radiowaves or other waves and based on propagation effects, e.g. Doppler effect, propagation time, direction of propagation, G01S; measuring speed of nuclear radiation G01T; measuring acceleration of gravity G01V; {measuring or recording the speed of trains B61L23/00; speed indicators incorporated in motor vehicles B60K35/00; measuring frequency or phase G01R; traffic control G08G}) - F03D: WIND MOTORS - F05B: INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G - Y02A: TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE ## Abstract The present invention provides a system and method for obtaining data to determine one or more characteristics of a wind field using a first remote sensing device and a second remote sensing device. Coordinated data is collected from the first and second remote sensing devices and analyzed to determine the one or more characteristics of the wind field. The first remote sensing device is positioned to have a portion of the wind field within a first scanning sector of the first remote sensing device. The second remote sensing device is positioned to have the portion of the wind field disposed within a second scanning sector of the second remote sensing device. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method for obtaining data to determine one or more characteristics of a complex wind flow field within or adjacent to a wind turbine or array of wind turbines, the method comprising the steps of: providing a first remote sensing device positioned to have a portion of the complex wind flow field within or adjacent to the wind turbine or array of wind turbines disposed within a first scanning sector of the first remote sensing device; providing a second remote sensing device positioned to have the portion of the complex wind flow field within or adjacent to the wind turbine or array of wind turbines disposed within a second scanning sector of the second remote sensing device; collecting a coordinated data from the first remote sensing device and the second remote sensing device using a set of sectors and elevation angles focused on the portion of the complex wind flow field disposed within both the first scanning sector and the second scanning sector; constructing a three-dimensional gridded data set of wind speed, wind direction and height for the portion of the complex wind flow field disposed within both the first scanning sector and the second scanning sector using the coordinated data and the one or more processors; and determining the one or more characteristics of the portion of the complex wind flow field within or adjacent to the wind turbine or array of wind turbines by analyzing the three-dimensional gridded data set using the one or more processors, wherein the one or more characteristics comprise a plurality of center points and at least one vertical profile of wind speeds for one or more turbine wake(s). ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the one or more characteristics comprise at least two characteristics which further comprise a mean and variable structure of the portion of the complex wind flow field, locating and tracking enhanced turbulence within the portion of the complex wind flow field, a length or width of the one or more turbine wake(s), a set of horizontal wind speed deficits within the portion of the complex wind flow field relative to a free-stream flow, a forecasted power output for one or more turbines within the portion of the complex wind flow field, recognition of a localized event of interest containing changes in wind speed and/or direction, a vertical profile of horizontal wind speeds and directions within the complex wind flow field, a shear across a turbine rotor sweep, a turbine wake deficit from inflow, a turbine wake orientation, a turbine wake evolution, a strength of high speed channels in between two or more turbine wakes, a turbine wake structure, transient wind gusts and lulls, or a combination thereof. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first remote sensing device and the second remote sensing device comprise a radar, a Doppler radar or a LIDAR. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first remote sensing device and the second remote sensing device are mobile or fixed. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first scanning sector of the first remote sensing device is offset from the second scanning sector of the second remote sensing device by an angle of at least 20 degrees. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising the step of providing one or more additional remote sensing devices positioned to have the portion of the complex wind flow field or another portion of the complex wind flow field within an additional scanning sector for the additional remote sensing devices. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the step of collecting the coordinated data from the first remote sensing device and the second remote sensing device comprises the steps of: collecting a raw data from the first remote sensing device and the second remote sensing device; and processing the raw data to generate the coordinated data. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) The method as recited in claim 7, wherein the step of processing the raw data comprises the steps of: converting the raw data to a data exchange format; interpolating the converted data from a native polar coordinate space to a Cartesian grid; and generating the coordinated data by generating a U-horizontal wind velocity component and a V-horizontal wind velocity component for each grid point within the Cartesian grid. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the three-dimensional gridded data set comprises synthesized horizontal wind flows describing a wake of one or more turbines and a free-stream flow surrounding the wake. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1) The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the step of determining the one or more characteristics of the portion of the complex wind flow field comprises the steps of: determining a mean domain wind direction from the three-dimensional gridded data set; defining a vertical cross-section for each wake center point that is normal to the mean domain wind direction at a downwind bearing approximately equal to the mean domain wind direction; and for each vertical cross-section, setting an initial wake center point, obtaining wind speed data at a plurality of heights within the vertical cross-section centered at the initial wake center point, determining a horizontal location of a minimum wind speed within the wind speed data for each of the plurality of heights, determining the wake center point within the vertical cross-section by determining a median location of the horizontal locations for all of the plurality of heights within the vertical cross-section. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) The method as recited in claim 10, wherein: if the wake center point is a first wake center point, the initial wake center point comprises a X location approximately downwind from the one or more turbines, and a Y location approximately equal to a center height of the one or more turbines; and if the wake center point is a subsequent wake center point, the initial wake center point comprises the X location approximately downwind from the one or more turbines, and the Y location approximately equal to the Y location of a previous wake center point. ### Claim 12 (depends on 10) The method as recited in claim 10, wherein a minimum height and a maximum height of the plurality of heights correspond to an approximate depth of a rotor sweep of the one or more turbines. ### Claim 13 (depends on 10) The method as recited in claim 10, wherein a width of each vertical cross-section is between 125% and 175% of an approximate depth of a rotor sweep of the one or more turbines. ### Claim 14 (depends on 1) The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising the step of compositing the data using a wake-relative orientation to assess an ensemble averaged wake structure as a deficit from a free-stream flow field. ### Claim 15 (depends on 1) The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising the step of developing a mean free-stream wind profile by averaging a section of the three-dimensional gridded data set not impacted by a wake of one or more turbines. ### Claim 16 (depends on 1) The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising the steps of: developing a plurality of vertical cross-sections through the turbine wake(s) at various distances downwind from one or more turbines; compositing the vertical cross-sections at each distance downwind from the one or more turbines; and presenting each composited vertical cross-section as a percent reduction/deficit from a derived free-stream wind profile. ### Claim 17 (depends on 16) The method as recited in claim 16, further comprising the step of assessing a mean and maximum wind speed deficit for each downwind composite cross-section. ### Claim 18 A method for determining one or more characteristics of a complex wind flow field within or adjacent to a wind turbine or array of wind turbines, the method comprising the steps of: providing a coordinated data from a first remote sensing device and a second remote sensing device positioned to scan a portion of the complex wind flow field within or adjacent to the wind turbine or array of wind turbines using a set of sectors and elevation angles focused on the portion of the complex wind flow field; constructing a three-dimensional gridded data set of wind speed, wind direction and height for the portion of the complex wind flow field disposed within both the first scanning sector and the second scanning sector using the coordinated data and the one or more processors; and determining the one or more characteristics of the complex wind flow field within or adjacent to the wind turbine or array of wind turbines by analyzing the three-dimensional gridded data set using the one or more complex wind flows and the one or more processors, wherein the one or more characteristics comprise a plurality of center points and at least one vertical profile of wind speeds for one or more turbine wake(s). ### Claim 19 (depends on 18) The method as recited in claim 18, wherein the one or more characteristics comprise at least two characteristics which further comprise a mean and variable structure of the portion of the complex wind flow field, locating and tracking enhanced turbulence within the portion of the complex wind flow field, a length or width of the one or more turbine wake(s), a set of horizontal wind speed deficits within the portion of the complex wind flow field relative to a free-stream flow, a forecasted power output for one or more turbines within the portion of the complex wind flow field, recognition of a localized event of interest containing changes in wind speed and/or direction, a vertical profile of horizontal wind speeds and directions within the complex wind flow field, a shear across a turbine rotor sweep, a turbine wake deficit from inflow, a turbine wake orientation, a turbine wake evolution, a strength of high speed channels in between two or more turbine wakes, a turbine wake structure, transient wind gusts and lulls, or a combination thereof. ### Claim 20 (depends on 18) The method as recited in claim 18, wherein: the first remote sensing device is positioned to have the portion of the complex wind flow field within or adjacent to the wind turbine or array of wind turbines disposed within a first scanning sector of the first remote sensing device; and the second remote sensing device is positioned to have the portion of the complex wind flow field within or adjacent to the wind turbine or array of wind turbines disposed within a second scanning sector of the second remote sensing device. ### Claim 21 (depends on 20) The method as recited in claim 20, wherein the first remote sensing device and the second remote sensing device comprise a radar, a Doppler radar or a LIDAR. ### Claim 22 (depends on 20) The method as recited in claim 20, wherein the first remote sensing device and the second remote sensing device are mobile or fixed. ### Claim 23 (depends on 20) The method as recited in claim 20, wherein the first scanning sector of the first remote sensing device is offset from the second scanning sector of the second remote sensing device by an angle of at least 20 degrees. ### Claim 24 (depends on 20) The method as recited in claim 20, further comprising the step of providing one or more additional remote sensing devices positioned to have the portion of the complex wind flow field or another portion of the complex wind flow field within an additional scanning sector for the additional remote sensing devices. ### Claim 25 (depends on 18) The method as recited in claim 18, wherein the step of providing the coordinated data from the first remote sensing device and the second remote sensing device comprises the steps of: providing a raw data from the first remote sensing device and the second remote sensing device; and processing the raw data to generate the coordinated data. ### Claim 26 (depends on 25) The method as recited in claim 25, wherein the step of processing the raw data comprises the steps of: converting the raw data to a data exchange format; interpolating the converted data from a native polar coordinate space to a Cartesian grid; and generating the coordinated data by generating a U-horizontal wind velocity component and a V-horizontal wind velocity component for each grid point within the Cartesian grid. ### Claim 27 (depends on 18) The method as recited in claim 18, wherein the set of three-dimensional gridded data set comprises synthesized horizontal wind flows describing a wake of one or more turbines and a free-stream flow surrounding the wake. ### Claim 28 (depends on 18) The method as recited in claim 18, wherein the step of determining the one or more characteristics of the portion of the complex wind flow field comprises the steps of: determining a mean domain wind direction from the three-dimensional gridded data set; defining a vertical cross-section for each wake center point that is normal to the mean domain wind direction at a downwind bearing approximately equal to the mean domain wind direction; and for each vertical cross-section, setting an initial wake center point, obtaining wind speed data at a plurality of heights within the vertical cross-section centered at the initial wake center point, determining a horizontal location of a minimum wind speed within the wind speed data for each of the plurality of heights, determining the wake center point within the vertical cross-section by determining a median location of the horizontal locations for all of the plurality of heights within the vertical cross-section. ### Claim 29 (depends on 28) The method as recited in claim 28, wherein: if the wake center point is a first wake center point, the initial wake center point comprises a X location approximately downwind from the one or more turbines, and a Y location approximately equal to a center height of the one or more turbines; and if the wake center point is a subsequent wake center point, the initial wake center point comprises the X location approximately downwind from the one or more turbines, and the Y location approximately equal to the Y location of a previous wake center point. ### Claim 30 (depends on 28) The method as recited in claim 28, wherein a minimum height and a maximum height of the plurality of heights correspond to an approximate depth of a rotor sweep of the one or more turbines. ### Claim 31 (depends on 28) The method as recited in claim 28, wherein a width of each vertical cross-section is between 125% and 175% of an approximate depth of a rotor sweep of the one or more turbines. ### Claim 32 (depends on 18) The method as recited in claim 18, further comprising the step of compositing the data using a wake-relative orientation to assess an ensemble averaged wake structure as a deficit from a free-stream flow field. ### Claim 33 (depends on 18) The method as recited in claim 18, further comprising the step of developing a mean free-stream wind profile by averaging a section of the three-dimensional gridded data set not impacted by a wake of one or more turbines. ### Claim 34 (depends on 18) The method as recited in claim 18, further comprising the steps of: developing a plurality of vertical cross-sections through the wake at various distances downwind from the one or more turbines; compositing the vertical cross-sections at each distance downwind from the one or more turbines; and presenting each composited vertical cross-section as a percent reduction/deficit from a derived free-stream wind profile. ### Claim 35 (depends on 34) The method as recited in claim 34, further comprising the step of assessing a mean and maximum wind speed deficit for each downwind composite cross-section. ### Claim 36 A system for obtaining data to determine one or more characteristics of a complex wind flow field within or adjacent to a wind turbine or array of wind turbines, the method comprising the steps of: a first remote sensing device positioned to have a portion of the complex wind flow field within or adjacent to the wind turbine or array of wind turbines disposed within a first scanning sector of the first remote sensing device; a second remote sensing device positioned to have the portion of the complex wind flow field within or adjacent to the wind turbine or array of wind turbines disposed within a second scanning sector of the second remote sensing device; and one or more processors that collect a coordinated data from the first remote sensing device and the second remote sensing device using a set of sectors and elevation angles focused on the portion of the complex wind flow field disposed within both the first scanning sector and the second scanning sector, construct a three-dimensional gridded data set of wind speed, wind direction and height for the portion of the complex wind flow field disposed within both the first scanning sector and the second scanning sector using the coordinated data and the one or more processors, and determine the one or more characteristics of the portion of the complex wind flow field within or adjacent to the wind turbine or array of wind turbines by analyzing the three-dimensional gridded data set using the one or more processors, wherein the one or more characteristics comprise a plurality of center points and at least one vertical profile of wind speeds for one or more turbine wake(s). ### Claim 37 (depends on 36) The system as recited in claim 36, wherein the one or more characteristics comprise at least two characteristics which further comprise a mean and variable structure of the portion of the complex wind flow field, locating and tracking enhanced turbulence within the portion of the complex wind flow field, a length or width of the one or more turbine wake(s), a set of horizontal wind speed deficits within the portion of the complex wind flow field relative to a free-stream flow, a forecasted power output for one or more turbines within the portion of the complex wind flow field, recognition of a localized event of interest containing changes in wind speed and/or direction, a vertical profile of horizontal wind speeds and directions within the complex wind flow field, a shear across a turbine rotor sweep, a turbine wake deficit from inflow, a turbine wake orientation, a turbine wake evolution, a strength of high speed channels in between two or more turbine wakes, a turbine wake structure, transient wind gusts and lulls, or a combination thereof. ### Claim 38 (depends on 36) The system as recited in claim 36, wherein the first remote sensing device and the second remote sensing device comprise a radar, a Doppler radar or a LIDAR. ### Claim 39 (depends on 36) The system as recited in claim 36, wherein the first remote sensing device and the second remote sensing device are mobile or fixed. ### Claim 40 (depends on 36) The system as recited in claim 36, wherein the first scanning sector of the first remote sensing device is offset from the second scanning sector of the second remote sensing device by an angle of at least 20 degrees. ### Claim 41 (depends on 36) The system as recited in claim 36, further comprising one or more additional remote sensing devices positioned to have the portion of the complex wind flow field or another portion of the complex wind flow field within an additional scanning sector for the additional remote sensing devices. ### Claim 42 (depends on 36) The system as recited in claim 36, wherein the one or more processors collect the coordinated data from the first remote sensing device and the second remote sensing device by: collecting a raw data from the first remote sensing device and the second remote sensing device; and processing the raw data to generate the coordinated data. ### Claim 43 (depends on 42) The system as recited in claim 42, wherein the one or more processors process the raw data by: converting the raw data to a data exchange format; interpolating the converted data from a native polar coordinate space to a Cartesian grid; and generating the coordinated data by generating a U-horizontal wind velocity component and a V-horizontal wind velocity component for each grid point within the Cartesian grid. ### Claim 44 (depends on 36) The system as recited in claim 36, wherein the set of three-dimensional gridded data set comprises synthesized horizontal wind flows describing a wake of one or more turbines and a free-stream flow surrounding the wake. ### Claim 45 (depends on 36) The system as recited in claim 36, wherein the one or more processors determine the one or more characteristics of a wake of one or more turbines by: determining a mean domain wind direction from the three-dimensional gridded data set; defining a vertical cross-section for each wake center point that is normal to the mean domain wind direction at a downwind bearing approximately equal to the mean domain wind direction; and for each vertical cross-section, setting an initial wake center point, obtaining wind speed data at a plurality of heights within the vertical cross-section centered at the initial wake center point, determining a horizontal location of a minimum wind speed within the wind speed data for each of the plurality of heights, determining the wake center point within the vertical cross-section by determining a median location of the horizontal locations for all of the plurality of heights within the vertical cross-section. ### Claim 46 (depends on 45) The system as recited in claim 45, wherein: if the wake center point is a first wake center point, the initial wake center point comprises a X location approximately downwind from the one or more turbines, and a Y location approximately equal to a center height of the one or more turbines; and if the wake center point is a subsequent wake center point, the initial wake center point comprises the X location approximately downwind from the one or more turbines, and the Y location approximately equal to the Y location of a previous wake center point. ### Claim 47 (depends on 45) The system as recited in claim 45, wherein a minimum height and a maximum height of the plurality of heights correspond to an approximate depth of a rotor sweep of the one or more turbines. ### Claim 48 (depends on 45) The system as recited in claim 45, wherein a width of each vertical cross-section is between 125% and 175% of an approximate depth of a rotor sweep of the one or more turbines. ### Claim 49 (depends on 36) The system as recited in claim 36, wherein the one or more processors further composite the data using a wake-relative orientation to assess a ensemble averaged wake structure as a deficit from a free-stream flow field. ### Claim 50 (depends on 36) The system as recited in claim 36, wherein the one or more processors further develop a mean free-stream wind profile by averaging a section of the coordinated data not impacted by a wake of one or more turbines. ### Claim 51 (depends on 36) The system as recited in claim 36, wherein the one or more processors further: develop a plurality of vertical cross-sections through the wake at various distances downwind from the one or more turbines; composite the vertical cross-sections at each distance downwind from the one or more turbines; and present each composited vertical cross-section as a percent reduction/deficit from a derived free-stream wind profile. ### Claim 52 (depends on 51) The system as recited in claim 51, wherein the one or more processors further assess a mean and maximum wind speed deficit for each downwind composite cross-section.