# US 9,519,029 B2 · Model-based battery monitoring

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- Number: US 9,519,029 B2
- Document ID: US9519029B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 13/907,196
- Filed: 2013-05-31
- Published: 2014-12-04
- Granted: 2016-12-13
- Earliest claimed: 2013-05-31
- Assignees: Honeywell International Inc.
- Applicants: Honeywell International Inc.
- Inventors: Pavel Trnka; Vladimir Havlena
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US9519029B2

## CPC

- G01R 31/367: Software therefor, e.g. for battery testing using modelling or look-up tables
- G01R 31/389: Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables
- G01R 31/392: Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
- G01R: MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES (indicating correct tuning of resonant circuits H03J3/12)

## Abstract

Methods, systems, and devices for monitoring a battery are described herein. One method includes receiving a plurality of values, each value associated with a respective battery characteristic, and determining an internal state associated with the battery based, at least in part, on the plurality of values.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A method for monitoring a battery of a vehicle, comprising:
receiving, at a computing device, a plurality of values from a plurality of sensors associated with a battery of a vehicle, each value associated with a respective battery characteristic;
determining an internal state associated with the battery based, at least in part, on the plurality of values and a plurality of parameterized passive non-linear components of an equivalent circuit model of the battery, wherein the circuit includes a plurality of parallel sub-circuits, and wherein determining the internal state associated with the battery includes determining:
a remaining charge associated with the battery;
a state of health associated with the battery;
a remaining energy associated with the battery; and
an actual peak power associated with the battery; and
displaying the determined internal state using a graphical user interface of the vehicle.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the battery is a lithium-ion battery.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of battery characteristics include:
a voltage associated with the battery;
a current associated with the battery; and
a temperature associated with the battery.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the equivalent circuit model of the battery includes:
a plurality of capacitors;
a plurality of current sources;
a first plurality of resistors; and
a second plurality of resistors.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the method includes parameterizing the passive non-linear components using a plurality of static functions including:
R
i
=
R
i
⁢
⁢
0
(
⁢
1
+
α
RSOC
⁡
(
1
-
q
i
/
q
MAX
)
+
α
RSOH
⁡
(
1
-
SOH
)
-
α
RT
⁡
(
T
-
T
0
)
)
;
⁢
R
p
=
R
p
⁢
⁢
0
;
⁢
u
Ci
=
U
0
-
K
1
K
2
+
q
i
+
A
⁢
⁢
exp
⁡
(
B
⁢
q
_
i
)
,
q
_
i
=
q
i
⁡
(
1
+
α
USOH
⁡
(
1
-
SOH
)
)
;
⁢
and
⁢
i
Di
=
k
dif
⁡
(
q
i
+
1
-
q
i
)
.

### Claim 6 (depends on 5)

The method of claim 5, wherein the method includes determining the internal state associated with the battery using a plurality of model dynamics including:
q
.
i
=
i
Ci
;
S
⁢
O
.
⁢
H
=
-
α
SOHi
⁡
(
1
+
α
SOHT
⁡
(
T
-
T
0
)
)
⁢

i

;
Q
.
=
1
T
Q
⁢
(
Q
R
-
Q
)
;
and
T
.
=
1
T
COOL
⁢
(
T
AMB
-
T
)
+
1
C
T
⁢
Q
wherein qi is a charge in a capacitor i of the circuit, SOHε<0,1> is a state of health associated with the equivalent circuit model of the battery, QR is a total heat released from the battery represented by the circuit, Q is delayed heat released from the battery represented by the circuit, and T is a temperature associated with the battery represented by the circuit.

### Claim 7 (depends on 6)

The method of claim 6, wherein the method includes testing the equivalent circuit model of the battery to determine a plurality of parameters associated with the battery, and wherein the plurality of parameters includes:
Ri0,αRSOC,qMAX,αRSOH,αRT,T0,Rp0,U0,K1,K2,A,B,αUSOH,kdif.

### Claim 8 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the battery includes a plurality of cells, and wherein determining the state comprises determining the state irrespective of variability between individual parameters of the plurality of cells.

### Claim 9

A system for monitoring a battery, comprising:
a lithium-ion battery associated with a vehicle;
at least one sensor associated with the battery; and
a controller having logic to:
receive a plurality of values, each value determined by the at least one sensor and associated with a respective characteristic of the battery;
determine a plurality of internal state variables associated with the battery based, at least in part, on the plurality of values and a plurality of parameterized passive non-linear components of an equivalent circuit model of the battery, wherein the circuit includes a plurality of parallel sub-circuits, and wherein determining the plurality of internal state variables associated with the battery includes determining:
a remaining charge associated with the battery;
a state of health associated with the battery;
a remaining energy associated with the battery; and
an actual peak power associated with the battery; and
display the determined plurality of internal state variables using a graphical user interface of the vehicle responsive to the determination of the plurality of internal state variables associated with the battery.

### Claim 10 (depends on 9)

The system of claim 9, the controller having logic to display the determined plurality of internal state variables using a graphical user interface of the vehicle associated with the battery responsive to the determination of the plurality of internal state variables associated with the battery.

### Claim 11 (depends on 9)

The system of claim 9, the controller having logic to store the determined internal state in a memory of a computing device responsive to the determination of the plurality of internal state variables associated with the battery.

### Claim 12 (depends on 9)

The system of claim 9, the controller having logic to provide a fault notification to a user responsive to the determination of the plurality of internal state variables associated with the battery.

### Claim 13

A non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon executable by a processor to:
determine an initial internal state associated with a battery, wherein determining the initial internal state associated with the battery includes determining:
an initial remaining charge associated with the battery;
an initial state of health associated with the battery;
an initial remaining energy associated with the battery; and
an initial actual peak power associated with the battery;
display the determined initial internal state using a graphical user interface;
receive a plurality of values from at least one sensor associated with the battery, each value associated with a respective characteristic of the battery; and
determine an updated internal state associated with the battery based on:
the received plurality of values;
a measurement model; and
a description of an uncertainty associated with a plurality of constant parameters, wherein determining the updated internal state associated with the battery includes determining:
an updated remaining charge associated with the battery;
an updated state of health associated with the battery;
an updated remaining energy associated with the battery; and
an updated actual peak power associated with the battery; and
predict a next internal state associated with the battery based on:
the description of the uncertainty associated with the plurality of constant parameters; and
a dynamic model, wherein predicting the next internal state associated with the battery includes predicting:
a next remaining charge associated with the battery;
a next state of health associated with the battery;
a next remaining energy associated with the battery; and
a next actual peak power associated with the battery.

### Claim 14 (depends on 13)

The computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein the instructions include instructions executable to determine initial internal state responsive to an activation of the vehicle associated with the battery.

### Claim 15 (depends on 13)

The computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein the instructions include instructions executable to determine the initial internal state associated with the battery by:
x0˜N({circumflex over (x)}0,Px0), Pθx0=0.

### Claim 16 (depends on 13)

The computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein the instructions include instructions executable to determine the updated internal state associated with the battery by:
xk˜N({circumflex over (x)}k,Pxk).

### Claim 17 (depends on 13)

The computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein the instructions include instructions executable to predict the next internal state associated with the battery by:
xk+1˜N({circumflex over (x)}k+1,Pxk+1).