# US 9,517,358 B2 · Upstream direct x-ray detection > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 9,517,358 B2 - Document ID: US9517358B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 13/996,616 - Filed: 2011-12-21 - Published: 2014-01-09 - Granted: 2016-12-13 - Earliest claimed: 2010-12-22 - Assignees: The University of Bristol - Applicants: Jaap Velthuis; Peter Richard Hugtenburg; Catherine Hall; Ryan Page; Paul Stevens - Inventors: Jaap Velthuis; Peter Richard Hugtenburg; Catherine Hall; Ryan Page; Paul Stevens - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US9517358B2 ## CPC - A61N 5/1071: {for verifying the dose delivered by the treatment plan} - A61N 5/1065: {Beam adjustment} - G01T 1/24: with semiconductor detectors - A61N 5/1047: {with movement of the radiation head during application of radiation, e.g. for intensity modulated arc therapy or IMAT} - A61N 5/1075: {for testing, calibrating, or quality assurance of the radiation treatment apparatus} - A61N: ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY (measurement of bioelectric currents A61B; surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body A61B18/00; anaesthetic apparatus in general A61M; incandescent lamps H01K; infrared radiators for heating H05B) - G01T: MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION (radiation analysis of materials, mass spectrometry G01N23/00; tubes for determining the presence, intensity, density or energy of radiation or particles H01J47/00) ## Abstract A radiation beam, for example a therapeutic radiation beam such as an IMRT or VMAT X-ray beam is monitored using a Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS) detector. Photons of the radiation beam can interact with the MAPS detector, and the radiation beam configuration can be estimated from the determined positions of the interactions. The detector is made sufficiently thin that it interacts only very weakly with the X-ray photons. For example, less than 1 in 103 of the X-ray photons might interact with the detector. Hence, the disturbance to the X-ray beam is negligible. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method of monitoring an X-ray radiation beam for treatment of a patient, the method comprising: placing in the radiation beam a monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS) detector between the patient and an x-ray source; exposing the MAPS detector to the radiation beam, such that photons of the radiation beam can interact with the MAPS detector wherein the MAPS detector has a thickness configured such that it interacts with a maximum of 1 in 103 photons of the X-ray beam incident on the detector; determining a position of each identified interaction; and estimating a configuration of the radiation beam delivered to the patient from the determined positions of the interactions. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) A method as claimed in claim 1, comprising: exposing the MAPS detector to the radiation beam for a plurality of successive frames; and further comprising: in each frame, identifying each interaction between a photon of the radiation beam and the MAPS detector; determining a position of each identified interaction; and estimating the radiation beam configuration from the determined positions of the interactions over the plurality of frames. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) A method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: distinguishing between interactions between incident photons of the radiation beam and the MAPS detector, and interactions between incident electrons and the MAPS detector. ### Claim 4 (depends on 3) A method as claimed in claim 3, comprising: identifying each interaction between a photon of the radiation beam and the MAPS detector, based on a shape of a cluster of detector pixels excited by the interaction. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) A method as claimed in claim 4, comprising: identifying an interaction between a photon of the radiation beam and the MAPS detector, in the event that a cluster of detector pixels excited by the interaction comprises a tail extending linearly over at least three pixels. ### Claim 6 A radiation detection treatment system, comprising: a radiation source for generating a beam of X-ray radiation; a first surface on which a patient can be positioned and a monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS) detector, for exposure to a beam of X-ray radiation and configured so as to be located, in use, in the beam of X-ray radiation between the surface and the radiation source, wherein the MAPS detector has a thickness configured such that it interacts with a maximum of 1 in 103 photons of the X-ray beam incident on the detector; and a processing system, wherein the processing system is configured to identify interactions between photons of the radiation beam and the MAPS detector, to determine a position of each identified interaction, and to estimate the radiation beam configuration delivered to the patient from the determined positions of the interactions. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) A radiation treatment system as claimed in claim 6, wherein the processing system is configured to distinguish between interactions between incident photons of the radiation beam and the MAPS detector, and interactions between incident electrons and the MAPS detector. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) A radiation treatment system as claimed in claim 7, wherein the processing system is configured to identify each interaction between a photon of the radiation beam and the MAPS detector, based on a shape of a cluster of detector pixels excited by the interaction. ### Claim 9 (depends on 8) A radiation treatment system as claimed in claim 8, wherein the processing system is configured to identify an interaction between a photon of the radiation beam and the MAPS detector, in the event that a cluster of detector pixels excited by the interaction comprises a tail extending linearly over at least three pixels. ### Claim 10 A method for monitoring and/or signalling errors of a radiation therapy apparatus during delivery of X-ray radiation treatment to a patient, said radiation therapy apparatus being configured for Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy, the method comprising the steps of: providing a monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS) between a radiation source and said patient, capable of providing a measured detector response of radiation treatment, wherein the MAPS detector has a thickness configured such that it interacts with a maximum of 1 in 103 photons of the X-ray beam incident on the detector; determining a predicted MAPS detector response for each successive time of the radiation treatment; measuring a MAPS detector response for each successive time of the radiation treatment; performing a comparison between measured MAPS detector response and the corresponding predicted MAPS detector response; and signalling in a short reaction time an error when the comparison results in a difference which exceeds a given threshold.