# US 9,438,994 B2 · Instrument amplification systems incorporating reflection cancelling boundary microphones and multiband compression > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 9,438,994 B2 - Document ID: US9438994B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 14/162,657 - Filed: 2014-01-23 - Published: 2014-07-24 - Granted: 2016-09-06 - Earliest claimed: 2013-01-23 - Assignees: Lloyd Baggs Innovations, LLC - Applicants: Thomas Linn; Lloyd Baggs - Inventors: Thomas Linn; Lloyd Baggs - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US9438994B2 ## CPC - H04R 3/02: for preventing acoustic reaction {, i.e. acoustic oscillatory feedback (specially adapted for hearing aids H04R25/453)} - G10H 1/12: by filtering complex waveforms (G10H1/14, G10H1/16 take precedence) - G10H 3/186: {Means for processing the signal picked up from the strings (filtering G10H1/12)} - H03G 9/025: {frequency-dependent volume compression or expansion, e.g. multiple-band systems (H03G9/10, H03G9/18 take precedence)} - H04R 3/04: for correcting frequency response - G10H 3/18: using a string, e.g. electric guitar {(mechanical features G10D1/085)} - H04R 1/46: Special adaptations for use as contact microphones, e.g. on musical instrument, on stethoscope (throat mountings H04R1/14) - H04R 2430/01: Aspects of volume control, not necessarily automatic, in sound systems - H04R 2430/03: Synergistic effects of band splitting and sub-band processing - H04R: LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; ELECTRIC HEARING AIDS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS (producing sounds with frequency not determined by supply frequency G10K) - G10H: ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE - H03G: CONTROL OF AMPLIFICATION ## Abstract Instrument amplification systems incorporating reflection cancelling boundary microphones and multiband compression in accordance with embodiments of the invention are disclosed. In one embodiment, an amplification system includes a microphone configured to generate an audio signal based upon acoustic waves within the instrument including audio content within a low frequency band including a fundamental resonant frequency of the instrument, a middle frequency band including at least one harmonic frequency of the instrument, and an upper frequency band, where the frequency response characteristics of acoustic waves generated within the instrument in the low frequency band differ from the characteristics of acoustic waves generated outside of the instrument, and an electronic preamplifier system configured to provide the audio content within the low frequency band to a low frequency band amplification circuit that applies compression to provide audio content having frequency characteristics corresponding to the characteristics of acoustic waves generated outside of the instrument. ## Claims ### Claim 1 An instrument amplification system, comprising: a microphone mounted to a stringed acoustic musical instrument and configured to generate an audio signal based upon acoustic waves within the interior of the stringed acoustic musical instrument, wherein the audio signal comprises audio content within a plurality of frequency bands including at least: a low frequency band that includes a fundamental resonant frequency of the stringed acoustic musical instrument; a middle frequency band that includes frequencies higher than the frequencies of the low frequency band and includes at least one harmonic frequency of the stringed acoustic musical instrument; and an upper frequency band that includes frequencies higher than the frequencies of the middle frequency band; wherein the frequency response characteristics of acoustic waves generated within the stringed acoustic musical instrument in at least the low frequency band differ from the frequency response characteristics of acoustic waves generated outside of the stringed acoustic musical instrument in the same frequency band due to reverberation of acoustic waves within the low frequency band within the stringed acoustic musical instrument; and an electronic preamplifier system configured to: receive the audio signal; provide portions of the audio signal to a plurality of amplification circuits, where audio content within one of the plurality of frequency bands in the audio signal is provided to each amplification circuit; and combine the outputs of the amplification circuits into an output signal; wherein the audio content within the low frequency band is provided to a low frequency band amplification circuit from the plurality of amplification circuits that applies frequency specific compression to the given frequency band to provide audio content in the low frequency band having dynamic frequency response characteristics corresponding to the dynamic frequency response characteristics of acoustic waves generated outside of the stringed musical instrument in the low frequency band. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The instrument amplification system of claim 1, wherein the microphone is configured to be mounted inside the chamber of the stringed acoustic musical instrument. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The instrument amplification system of claim 1, wherein the microphone includes a capsule configured to be mounted within the pressure zone of a vibrating surface of the stringed acoustic musical instrument. ### Claim 4 (depends on 3) The instrument amplification system of claim 3, wherein the microphone capsule comprises a reflection cancelling boundary microphone (RCBM). ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) The instrument amplification system of claim 4, wherein the middle frequency band includes the primary resonant frequency of the microphone capsule. ### Claim 6 (depends on 4) The instrument amplification system of claim 4, wherein the microphone capsule is mounted to an inside surface of the stringed acoustic musical instrument. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The instrument amplification system of claim 1, wherein the electronic preamplifier system is mounted to the stringed acoustic musical instrument. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The instrument amplification system of claim 1, wherein the electronic preamplifier system is not mounted to the stringed acoustic musical instrument. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The instrument amplification system of claim 1, wherein the low frequency band amplification circuit includes a soft knee limiter. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1) The instrument amplification system of claim 1, wherein the middle frequency band includes the 3-6 kHz frequency band and the corresponding amplification circuit from the plurality of amplification circuits includes a compressor to reduce the dynamic range of audio content in the 3-6 kHz frequency band. ### Claim 11 (depends on 1) The instrument amplification system of claim 1, wherein: the audio signal further comprises audio content within: a second low frequency band that includes frequencies higher than the frequencies of the low frequency band; and a second middle frequency band that includes frequencies higher than the frequencies of the second low frequency band and lower than the frequencies of the middle frequency band; and the plurality of amplification circuits comprise: a soft knee peak limiter that reduces the dynamic range of audio content within the low frequency band; a soft knee root-mean-square compressor that reduces the dynamic range of audio content within the second low frequency band; a middle frequency compressor that reduces the dynamic range of audio content within the second middle frequency band; and a shelving filter that provides a fixed reduction in the level of audio content within the middle frequency band. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) The instrument amplification system of claim 11, wherein: the plurality of amplification circuits further comprises a first high pass filter and a first high and middle frequency bypass, where: the high pass filter is configured to receive a portion of the audio signal and send a filtered audio signal to the soft knee peak limiter and the high and middle frequency bypass; and the first high and middle frequency bypass is configured to receive a filtered audio signal from the high pass filter and bypass a band of high and middle frequencies of the filtered audio signal from entering the soft knee limiter. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) The instrument amplification system of claim 12, wherein the high pass filter has a cutoff of 70 Hz and the first high and middle frequency bypass has a cutoff of 250 Hz. ### Claim 14 (depends on 12) The instrument amplification system of claim 12, wherein: the plurality of amplification circuits further comprises a second high and middle frequency bypass, where: the soft knee root-mean-square compressor and the second high and middle frequency bypass are configured to accept a modified audio signal from the soft knee peak limiter; and the second high and middle frequency bypass is configured to bypass audio content within a band of high and middle frequencies of the modified audio signal from entering the soft knee root-mean-square compressor. ### Claim 15 (depends on 14) The instrument amplification system of claim 14, wherein the second high and middle frequency bypass has a cutoff of 200 Hz. ### Claim 16 (depends on 14) The instrument amplification system of claim 14, wherein: the plurality of amplification circuits further comprises a very high frequency bypass, where: the mid frequency compressor is configured to accept a modified audio signal from the soft knee root-mean-square compressor; and the very high frequency bypass is configured to bypass audio content within a band of very high frequencies from entering the middle frequency compressor and the shelving filter. ### Claim 17 (depends on 16) The instrument amplification system of claim 16, wherein the very high frequency bypass has a cutoff of 10 kHz. ### Claim 18 (depends on 16) The instrument amplification system of claim 16, wherein the plurality of amplifications circuits further comprises a middle frequency bypass configured to bypass audio content within frequencies in a passband of 250 Hz to 3 kHz from entering the middle frequency compressor and the shelving filter. ### Claim 19 (depends on 11) The instrument amplification system of claim 11 wherein the stringed acoustic musical instrument is a six string acoustic guitar and at least a portion of the low frequency band falls within the frequency range of 70 Hz to 250 Hz. ### Claim 20 (depends on 11) The instrument amplification system of claim 11 wherein the soft knee peak limiter comprises a first Zener diode that is reverse biased against a second Zener diode and a resistor in series. ### Claim 21 (depends on 11) The instrument amplification system of claim 11 wherein the stringed acoustic musical instrument is a six string acoustic guitar and at least a portion of the second low frequency band falls within the frequency range of 70 Hz to 200 Hz. ### Claim 22 (depends on 11) The instrument amplification system of claim 11 wherein the soft knee root-mean-square compressor comprises: an op-amp having a constant voltage at its non-inverting input; a first diode and a second diode forming a precision rectifier joining the output and inverting input of the op-amp; and a junction gate field effect transistor (JFET), wherein the state of the JFET is based on the output of the second diode. ### Claim 23 (depends on 11) The instrument amplification system of claim 11 wherein the stringed acoustic musical instrument is a six string acoustic guitar and at least a portion of the second middle frequency band falls within the frequency range of 3 to 6 kHz. ### Claim 24 (depends on 11) The instrument amplification system of claim 11 wherein the middle frequency compressor comprises: a first diode that is reverse biased against a second diode in parallel; and a gyrator circuit comprising an op-amp with an RC differentiating circuit connected to the non-inverting input of the op-amp. ### Claim 25 (depends on 11) The instrument amplification system of claim 11 wherein the stringed acoustic musical instrument is a six string acoustic guitar and at least a portion of the middle frequency band falls within the frequency range of 1 kHz to 20 kHz. ### Claim 26 (depends on 11) The instrument amplification system of claim 11 wherein the shelving filter comprises: a first resistor and a first capacitor in parallel; and a second resistor and a second capacitor in series. ### Claim 27 (depends on 11) The instrument amplification system of claim 11 wherein: the audio signal further comprises audio content within a third middle frequency band, wherein at least a portion of the third middle frequency band falls within the frequency range of 50 to 65 Hz; and the instrument amplification system further comprises a notch filter that significantly reduces the level of audio content within the seventh middle frequency band. ### Claim 28 (depends on 1) The instrument amplification system of claim 1 further comprising a trim control comprising a trim potentiometer and capacitor configured to adjust the level of audio content in the upper frequency band relative to the level of audio content in the low frequency band and the middle frequency band. ### Claim 29 (depends on 1) The instrument amplification system of claim 1 wherein: the frequency response characteristics of acoustic waves generated within the stringed acoustic musical instrument in at least the middle frequency band differ from the frequency response characteristics of acoustic waves generated outside of the stringed acoustic musical instrument in the same frequency band due to reverberation of acoustic waves within the middle frequency band within the stringed acoustic musical instrument; and the audio content containing the middle frequency band is provided to a middle frequency band amplification circuit from the plurality of amplification circuits that applies frequency specific compression to the given frequency band to provide audio content in the middle frequency band having frequency characteristics corresponding to the frequency response characteristics of acoustic waves generated outside of the stringed musical instrument in the middle frequency band. ### Claim 30 (depends on 29) The instrument amplification system of claim 29 wherein the middle frequency band amplification circuit from the plurality of amplification circuits also applies frequency specific limiting to the middle frequency band to provide audio content in the middle frequency band having frequency characteristics corresponding to the frequency response characteristics of acoustic waves generated outside of the stringed musical instrument in the middle frequency band. ### Claim 31 (depends on 1) The instrument amplification system of claim 1 wherein the low frequency band amplification circuit from the plurality of amplification circuits also applies frequency specific limiting to the low frequency band to provide audio content in the low frequency band having frequency characteristics corresponding to the frequency response characteristics of acoustic waves generated outside of the stringed musical instrument in the low frequency band.