# US 9,438,257 B1 · Programmable frequency divider providing output with reduced duty-cycle variations over a range of divide ratios

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- Number: US 9,438,257 B1
- Document ID: US9438257B1
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B1
- Application number: 15/044,115
- Filed: 2016-02-16
- Granted: 2016-09-06
- Earliest claimed: 2015-07-02
- Assignees: Aura Semiconductor Pvt. Ltd
- Applicants: Aura Semiconductor Pvt. Ltd
- Inventors: Sandeep Perdoor; Vaibhav Maheshwari; Augusto Marques
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US9438257B1

## CPC

- H04L 7/0331: {with a digital phase-locked loop [PLL] processing binary samples, e.g. add/subtract logic for correction of receiver clock (H04L7/0337 takes precedence)}
- H03K 21/026: {comprising logic circuits}
- H03K 21/38: Starting, stopping or resetting the counter (counters with a base other than a power of two H03K23/48, H03K23/66)
- H03L 7/0891: {the up-down pulses controlling source and sink current generators, e.g. a charge pump}
- H03L 7/099: concerning mainly the controlled oscillator of the loop
- H03L 7/183: a time difference being used for locking the loop, the counter counting between fixed numbers or the frequency divider dividing by a fixed number {(H03L7/1806 takes precedence)}
- H03L 7/1974: {for fractional frequency division}
- H03L 7/1976: {using a phase accumulator for controlling the counter or frequency divider}
- H04L: TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION (arrangements common to telegraphic and telephonic communication H04M)
- H03K: PULSE TECHNIQUE (measuring pulse characteristics G01R; modulating sinusoidal oscillations with pulses H03C; transmission of digital information H04L; discriminator circuits detecting phase difference between two signals by counting or integrating cycles of oscillation H03D3/04; automatic control, starting, synchronisation or stabilisation of generators of electronic oscillations or pulses where the type of generator is irrelevant or unspecified H03L; coding, decoding or code conversion, in general H03M)
- H03L: AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES (generation of oscillations H03B)

## Abstract

A programmable frequency divider includes a cascade of frequency-dividing units, each capable of dividing by a first or a second factor. Each unit receives an input clock and generates a divided output clock. Each unit receives a mode control signal that specifies when to divide its input clock by the second factor if a control input allows it, otherwise dividing the input clock by the first factor. The frequency divider is designed to support a range of divide ratios that requires one or more of the units to be non-operative or unused in some intervals. The final divided clock is generated using the mode control signal of the lowest unit in the cascade and the mode control signal of the highest unit that is never set to be non-operative or unused in supporting the range. As a result, duty-cycle variations of the final divided clock are minimized.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A programmable frequency divider to receive an input signal (Fvco) having a first frequency, and to generate an output signal (Ffb) having a second frequency, said programmable frequency divider comprising:
a divide input for receiving a divide ratio, wherein said divide ratio is representative of a number by which the frequency of said input signal (Fvco) is to be divided to generate said output signal (Ffb), wherein said divide ratio is between a lowest limit and a highest limit, said divide ratio being represented by a set of bits;
a cascade of M frequency-dividing units coupled in series, said cascade comprising a lowest unit and a highest unit, with the remaining of the M units being disposed in series between said lowest unit and said highest unit, wherein the highest unit is the Mth unit, and the lowest unit is the first unit in said cascade, said lowest unit being coupled to receive said input signal (Fvco),
wherein the range of values by which the frequency of said input signal can be divided by said cascade depends on the number of frequency-dividing units of said cascade that are operative, whereby said range of values is a first range if N successive frequency-dividing units of said M units are operative, but a second range, not equal to said first range, if (N−1) frequency-dividing units are operative,
wherein each frequency-dividing unit in said cascade comprises:
a first input for receiving an input clock;
a first output for providing an output clock to the next frequency-dividing unit in said cascade;
a second output for providing a mode control signal to a previous frequency-dividing unit of said cascade; and
a second input for receiving a corresponding bit in said set of bits, said corresponding bit having a logic level depending on said divide ratio, wherein the logic value received at said second input determines whether the frequency-dividing unit divides by a first factor or a second factor;
a third input for receiving a mode control signal from said next frequency-dividing unit, wherein said mode control signal indicates when to use said second factor, instead of said first factor in dividing said input clock,
wherein the mode control signal received by the highest operative unit is fixed at a pre-defined logic level; and
a logic unit coupled to receive said input signal, the mode control signal from said lowest unit and a resetting mode control signal, said logic unit designed to generate said output signal,
wherein said logic unit generates transitions of said output signal from a first level to a second level coinciding with period-defining edges of said mode control signal from said lowest unit,
wherein said logic unit generates transitions of said output signal from said second level to said first level coinciding with rising edges of said resetting mode control signal,
wherein said divide ratio is at a first value in a first duration and a second value in a second duration, wherein said first value causes all of said frequency-dividing units to be operative for corresponding division operation, and wherein said second value causes one or more of said frequency-dividing units including said highest unit be non-operative for a corresponding division operation,
wherein a mode control signal generated by only a same unit of said frequency dividing units is used as said resetting mode control signal in both of said first duration and said second duration.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The programmable frequency divider of claim 1, wherein units up to a third unit from said highest unit are required to be made non-operative for division with said divide ratio equaling said lowest limit, wherein said third unit is the highest operative unit operative when said divide ratio equals said lowest limit, wherein said same unit is said third unit.

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The programmable frequency divider of claim 2, wherein at least two units are non-operative for division with said divide ratio equaling said lowest limit.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

The programmable frequency divider of claim 1, wherein said first factor is 2, and said second factor is 3.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The programmable frequency divider of claim 1, wherein said logic unit comprises a flip-flop, wherein said mode control signal from the lowest unit is provided as input to said flip-flop, wherein said input clock is provided to the clock input of said flip-flop, and wherein said resetting mode control signal is provided to the asynchronous reset input of said flip-flop, the output of said flip-flop being said output signal.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The programmable frequency divider of claim 1, wherein said period-defining edges are falling edges of said mode control signal from said lowest unit, and
wherein said resetting mode control signal is a mode control signal generated by the rightmost unit in said cascade that is never set to be non-operative in supporting a range from said lowest limit to said a highest limit.

### Claim 7

A phase locked loop (PLL) comprising:
a phase frequency detector (PFD) to receive a reference frequency and a feedback frequency, said PFD to generate a first error signal and a second error signal, said first error signal and said error signal being representative of a phase difference between said reference frequency and said feedback frequency;
a charge pump coupled to receive each of said first error signal and said second error signal, and to generate a corresponding charge;
a low-pass filter (LPF) coupled to receive said charge, and to convert said charge into a voltage;
a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) coupled to receive said voltage, and to generate an output signal; and
a programmable frequency divider coupled to receive said output signal, and to divide a frequency of said output signal to generate said feedback frequency,
wherein said programmable frequency divider comprises:
a divide input for receiving a divide ratio, wherein said divide ratio is representative of a number by which the frequency of said output signal is to be divided to generate said feedback frequency, wherein said divide ratio is between a lowest limit and a highest limit, said divide ratio being represented by a set of bits;
a cascade of M frequency-dividing units coupled in series, said cascade comprising a lowest unit and a highest unit with the remaining of the M units being disposed in series between said lowest unit and said highest unit, wherein the highest unit is the Mth unit, and the lowest unit is the first unit in said cascade, said lowest unit being coupled to receive said output signal generated by said VCO,
wherein the range of values by which the frequency of said input signal can be divided by said cascade depends on the number of frequency-dividing units of said cascade that are operative, whereby said range of values is a first range if N successive frequency-dividing units of said M units are operative, but a second range, not equal to said first range, if (N−1) frequency-dividing units are operative,
wherein each frequency-dividing unit in said cascade comprises:
a first input for receiving an input clock;
a first output for providing an output clock to the next frequency-dividing unit in said cascade;
a second output for providing a mode control signal to a previous frequency-dividing unit of said cascade; and
a second input for receiving a corresponding bit in said set of bits, said corresponding bit having a logic level depending on said divide ratio, wherein the logic value received at said second input determines whether the frequency-dividing unit divides by a first factor or a second factor;
a third input for receiving a mode control signal from said next frequency-dividing unit, wherein said mode control signal indicates when to use said second factor, instead of said first factor in dividing said input clock,
wherein the mode control signal received by the highest operative unit is fixed at a pre-defined logic level; and
a logic unit coupled to receive said output signal generated by said VCO, the mode control signal from said lowest unit and a resetting mode control signal, said logic unit designed to generate said feedback frequency,
wherein said logic unit generates transitions of said feedback frequency from a first level to a second level coinciding with period-defining edges of said mode control signal from said lowest unit,
wherein said logic unit generates transitions of said feedback frequency from said second level to said first level coinciding with rising edges of said resetting mode control signal,
wherein said divide ratio is at a first value in a first duration and a second value in a second duration, wherein said first value causes all of said frequency-dividing units to be operative for corresponding division operation, and wherein said second value causes one or more of said frequency-dividing units including said highest unit to be non-operative for a corresponding division operation,
wherein a mode control signal generated by only a same unit of said frequency dividing units is used as said resetting mode control signal in both of said first duration and said second duration.

### Claim 8 (depends on 7)

The PLL of claim 7, wherein units up to a third unit from said highest unit are required to be made non-operative for division with said divide ratio equaling said lowest limit, wherein said third unit is the highest operative unit operative when said divide ratio equals said lowest limit, wherein said same unit is said third unit.

### Claim 9 (depends on 8)

The PLL of claim 8, wherein at least two units are non-operative for division with said divide ratio equaling said lowest limit.

### Claim 10 (depends on 7)

The PLL of claim 7, wherein said first factor is 2, and said second factor is 3.

### Claim 11 (depends on 7)

The PLL of claim 7, wherein said logic unit comprises a flip-flop, wherein said mode control signal from the lowest unit is provided as input to said flip-flop, wherein said input clock is provided to the clock input of said flip-flop, and wherein said resetting mode control signal is provided to the asynchronous reset input of said flip-flop, the output of said flip-flop being said output signal.

### Claim 12 (depends on 7)

The PLL of claim 7, wherein said period-defining edges are falling edges of said mode control signal from said lowest unit, and
wherein said resetting mode control signal is a mode control signal generated by the rightmost unit in said cascade that is never set to be non-operative in supporting a range from said lowest limit to said a highest limit.

### Claim 13 (depends on 7)

The PLL of claim 7, wherein said number by which said frequency of said output signal is to be divided to generate said feedback frequency contains an integer portion and a fractional portion, said PLL further comprising a delta-sigma modulator (DSM) to receive said fractional portion and to generate a sequence of numbers corresponding to said fractional portion,
wherein, in each cycle of said reference frequency, said programmable frequency divider adds said integer portion to a corresponding number in said sequence of numbers to generate said set of bits representing said divide ratio for a corresponding divide cycle.

### Claim 14 (depends on 13)

The PLL of claim 13, wherein said number by which said frequency of said output signal is to be divided to generate said feedback frequency is such that the corresponding sequence of numbers contains a first number in said first range and a second number in said second range.