# US 9,437,889 B2 · Powering a fuel cell stack during standby > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 9,437,889 B2 - Document ID: US9437889B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 13/612,325 - Filed: 2012-09-12 - Published: 2014-03-13 - Granted: 2016-09-06 - Earliest claimed: 2012-09-12 - Assignees: GM Global Technology Operations LLC - Applicants: Robert J. Moses; Balasubramanian Lakshmanan; Daniel T. Folmsbee; Daniel I. Harris; Swaminatha P. Kumaraguru - Inventors: Robert J. Moses; Balasubramanian Lakshmanan; Daniel T. Folmsbee; Daniel I. Harris; Swaminatha P. Kumaraguru - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US9437889B2 ## CPC - H01M 8/04552: {of the individual fuel cell} - H01M 8/04223: during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells - H01M 8/043: applied during specific periods - H01M 8/04447: {of anode reactants at the inlet or inside the fuel cell} - H01M 8/04455: {of cathode reactants at the inlet or inside the fuel cell} - H01M 8/04753: {of fuel cell reactants} - H01M 8/04798: {of fuel cell reactants} - H01M 8/04873: {of the individual fuel cell} - H01M 8/0488: {of fuel cell stacks} - H01M 16/006: {of fuel cells with rechargeable batteries} - H01M 8/04955: Shut-off or shut-down of fuel cells - Y02E 60/10: Energy storage using batteries - Y02E 60/50: Fuel cells - H01M: PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY - Y02E: REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION ## Abstract A system and method for limiting voltage cycling of a fuel cell stack during a stand-by mode by providing power from a battery to the stack while the stack is turned off. The method includes monitoring the voltage of each of the fuel cells in the fuel cell stack and determining an average cell voltage of the fuel cells in the fuel cell stack. The method also determines whether the average cell voltage of the fuel cells in the fuel cell stack has fallen below a predetermined voltage value and, if so, applies a voltage potential to the fuel cell stack to increase the average cell voltage above the predetermined voltage value. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method for maintaining a voltage of a fuel cell stack in a fuel cell system above a desired voltage value, said fuel cell stack including a plurality of fuel cells, said method comprising: monitoring the voltage of each of the fuel cells in the fuel cell stack; determining an average voltage of the voltages of each of the fuel cells in the fuel cell stack; determining whether the average voltage of the fuel cells in the fuel cell stack has fallen below a first predetermined voltage value; applying a voltage potential to the fuel cell stack to increase the average voltage above the first predetermined voltage value if the average voltage has fallen below the first predetermined voltage value; and determining whether the voltage of the fuel cell having a maximum cell voltage is above a second predetermined voltage value, wherein applying the voltage potential to the fuel cell stack includes applying the voltage potential to the fuel cell stack only if the maximum cell voltage is below the second predetermined voltage value regardless of whether the average voltage is below the first predetermined voltage value. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method according to claim 1 wherein applying the voltage potential to the fuel cell stack includes applying the voltage potential from a battery. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) The method according to claim 2 wherein providing the voltage potential to the fuel cell stack from the battery includes applying the voltage potential to the fuel cell stack from the battery through an electrical converter. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The method according to claim 1 further comprising determining whether the voltage of the fuel cell having a minimum cell voltage is below a third predetermined voltage value, wherein applying the voltage potential to the fuel cell stack includes applying the voltage potential to the fuel cell stack if the minimum cell voltage is below the third predetermined voltage value regardless of whether the average voltage is above the first predetermined voltage value. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The method according to claim 1 further comprising determining whether reactant concentrations in the fuel cell stack are at a predetermined acceptable level, and if not, preventing applying the voltage potential to the fuel cell stack regardless of whether the average voltage is below the first predetermined voltage value. ### Claim 6 (depends on 5) The method according to claim 5 further comprising determining whether reactants can be added to the fuel cell stack if it is determined that the reactant concentrations are not at the predetermined acceptable level. ### Claim 7 (depends on 5) The method according to claim 5 wherein determining whether reactant concentrations in the fuel cell stack are at the predetermined acceptable level includes determining whether both cathode air and anode hydrogen gas concentrations are at the predetermined acceptable level. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The method according to claim 1 wherein the method is performed when the fuel cell system is in a stand-by mode. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The method according to claim 1 wherein the first predetermined voltage value is about 0.9 volts. ### Claim 10 A method for maintaining a voltage of a fuel cell stack in a fuel cell system above a desired voltage value during a fuel cell system stand-by mode, said fuel cell stack including a plurality of fuel cells, said fuel cell system including a battery, said method comprising: monitoring the voltage of each of the fuel cells in the fuel cell stack; determining an average voltage of the voltages of each of the fuel cells in the fuel cell stack; determining a maximum cell voltage of the voltage of the fuel cell having the highest voltage; determining a minimum voltage of the fuel cell having the lowest voltage; determining whether the average voltage of the fuel cells in the fuel cell stack has fallen below a first predetermined voltage value; determining whether the maximum cell voltage is greater than a second predetermined voltage value; determining whether the minimum cell voltage is below a third predetermined voltage value; and applying a voltage potential to the fuel cell stack to increase the average voltage above the first predetermined voltage value if the average voltage has fallen below the first predetermined voltage value, wherein applying the voltage potential to the fuel cell stack includes applying the voltage potential to the fuel cell stack only if the maximum cell voltage is below the second predetermined voltage value regardless of whether the average voltage is below the first predetermined voltage value and applying the voltage potential to the fuel cell stack if the minimum cell voltage is below the third predetermined voltage value regardless of whether the average voltage is above first predetermined voltage value. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) The method according to claim 10 further comprising determining whether reactant concentrations in the fuel cell stack are at a predetermined acceptable level, and if not, preventing applying the voltage potential to the fuel cell stack regardless of whether the average voltage is below the first predetermined voltage value. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) The method according to claim 11 further comprising determining whether reactants can be added to the fuel cell stack if it is determined that the reactant concentrations are not at the predetermined acceptable level. ### Claim 13 A control system with a controller programmed for maintaining a voltage of a fuel cell stack in a fuel cell system above a desired voltage value, said fuel cell stack including a plurality of fuel cells, said system comprising: means for monitoring the voltage of each of the fuel cells in the fuel cell stack that includes using a voltage monitoring circuit; means for determining an average voltage of the voltages of each of the fuel cells in the fuel cell stack that includes using the voltage monitoring circuit; means for determining whether the average voltage of the fuel cells in the fuel cell stack has fallen below a first predetermined voltage value; and means for applying a voltage potential to the fuel cell stack that includes using the controller programmed to use the voltage potential to increase the average voltage above the first predetermined voltage value if the average voltage has fallen below the first predetermined voltage value. ### Claim 14 (depends on 13) The control system according to claim 13 wherein the means for applying the voltage potential to the fuel cell stack applies the voltage potential from a battery. ### Claim 15 (depends on 13) The control system according to claim 13 further comprising means for determining whether the voltage of the fuel cell having a maximum cell voltage is above a second predetermined voltage value, wherein the means for applying the voltage potential to the fuel cell stack applies the voltage potential to the fuel cell stack only if the maximum cell voltage is below the second predetermined voltage value regardless of whether the average voltage is below the first predetermined voltage value. ### Claim 16 (depends on 13) The control system according to claim 13 further comprising means for determining whether the voltage of the fuel cell having a minimum cell voltage is below a third predetermined voltage value, wherein the means for applying the voltage potential to the fuel cell stack applies the voltage potential to the fuel cell stack if the minimum cell voltage is below the third predetermined voltage value regardless of whether the average voltage is above the first predetermined voltage value. ### Claim 17 (depends on 13) The control system according to claim 13 further comprising means for determining whether reactant concentrations in the fuel cell stack are at a predetermined acceptable level, and if not, preventing the means for applying from applying the voltage potential to the fuel cell stack regardless of whether the average voltage is below the first predetermined voltage value. ### Claim 18 (depends on 17) The control system according to claim 17 further comprising means for determining whether reactants can be added to the fuel cell stack if it is determined that the reactant concentrations are not at the predetermined acceptable level. ### Claim 19 (depends on 13) The control system according to claim 13 wherein the control system maintains the voltage of the fuel cell stack when the fuel cell system goes into a stand-by mode.