Developing apparatus, developing method, image-forming apparatus, and image-forming method

A developing method, comprising developing an electrostatic latent image formed on a surface of an electrostatic latent image bearing member with a developing apparatus to form a toner image on the surface of the electrostatic latent image bearing member,

• wherein:
• the developing apparatus includes
• a toner for developing the electrostatic latent image,
• a toner carrier for carrying the toner, and
• a regulating member for regulating a layer thickness of the toner carried by the toner carrier;
• the toner comprises a toner containing
• toner particles each containing a binder resin and a magnetic material, and
• inorganic fine particles present on surfaces of the toner particles;
• the toner has a dielectric loss factor (∈″) at a frequency of 100 kHz and a temperature of 30° C. of 0.03 pF/m or more and 0.30 pF/m or less;
• the toner carrier includes
• a substrate,
• an elastic layer, and
• a surface layer containing a urethane resin;
• and
• the urethane resin has a partial structure derived from a reaction between
• a compound represented by the following structural formula (1) and
• a polyisocyanate:
• in the structural formula (1):
• n represents an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less;
• R3's each independently represent a group selected from the group consisting of the following (a) to (c):
• (a) a hydroxyalkyl group having 2 or more and 8 or less carbon atoms,
• (b) an aminoalkyl group having 2 or more and 8 or less carbon atoms, and
• (c) a group represented by the following structural formula (2);
• and
• R4 represents an alkylene group having 2 or more and 4 or less carbon atoms:
• in the structural formula (2):
• m is 2 or 3;
• and
• R5 represents an alkylene group having 2 or more and 5 or less carbon atoms.