High-performing stable green replacements for ammonium perchlorate
AssigneeUniversity of Southern California
InventorsRalf Haiges, Karl O. Christe, Cj Bigler Jones
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Abstract
A highly energetic, high-oxygen carrier suitable as high-performing green replacement for ammonium perchlorate includes halogen-free ionic salts consisting of fuel cations and over-oxidized anions containing multiple nitro- or nitromethyl-substituted azolyl ligands. The over-oxidized anions include a central atom selected from the group consisting of boron, aluminum, or gallium. Characteristically, the carrier has sufficient amounts of oxygen for complete or near complete combustion of the over-oxidized anions, the fuel cations, metal additives and binders.
Claims38
A highly energetic, high-oxygen carrier suitable as high-performing green replacement for ammonium perchlorate, the high-oxygen carrier comprising:
- a halogen-free ionic salt having a fuel cation and an over-oxidized anion described by formula I:
- wherein:
- X1, X2, X3, X4 are each independently C—R or N;
- R is H, NO2 or —C(NO2)3 with the proviso that 0, 1, 2, or 3 of X1, X2, X3, X4 are N and at least one of X1, X2, X3, X4 includes NO2 or C(NO2)3;
- and
- M is boron, aluminum, or gallium, the carrier having sufficient amounts of oxygen for complete or near complete combustion of the over-oxidized anion, the fuel cation, metal additives and binders.
A method of preparing highly energetic, high-oxygen carriers, the method comprising:
- reacting a metal or semimetal compound including a moiety having formula MLn with a nitro-substituted azole having formula II
- to form a first salt having a first cation and an over-oxidized anion described by formula I such that molecular hydrogen or a C1-12 alkane is evolved:
- wherein:
- X1, X2, X3, X4 are each independently C—R or N;
- R is H, NO2 or —C(NO2)3 with the proviso that 0, 1, 2, or 3 of X1, X2, X3, X4 are N and at least one of X1, X2, X3, X4 includes NO2 or C(NO2)3;
- M is boron, aluminum, or gallium;
- L are independently a hydrogen atom or a C1-12 alkyl ligand;
- and
- n is 1 to 4.
A method for forming an ammonium tetrakis-nitroazolylborate salt comprising reacting a tris-nitroazolyl borane having formula III with an ammonium nitroazolate salt having formula IV:
- wherein:
- X1, X2, X3, X4 are each independently C—R or N;
- R is H, NO2 or —C(NO2)3 with the proviso that 0, 1, 2, or 3 of X1, X2, X3, X4 are N and at least of X1, X2, X3, X4 includes NO2 or C(NO2)3;
- and
- M1+ is an ammonium cation or a substituted ammonium cation.
Dependencies are inferred from the claim text.