A method of treating a disease or disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) in a patient comprising administering transcranially an effective amount of an anti-inflammatory agent to the patient, wherein the anti-inflammatory agent is administered in an aqueous vehicle, and wherein the disease or disorder of the CNS is traumatic brain injury, inflammation of the brain, or stroke, wherein the anti-inflammatory agent is glutathione or a purinergic receptor inhibitor selected from trinitrophenyl-ATP hydrate, oxidized ATP, N,N″-1,4-butanediylbis[N′-3-isothiocyanatophenyl)]thiourea, and MeSAMP, and wherein the transcranial administration comprises direct application of the anti-inflammatory agent to a skull of the patient, application of the anti-inflammatory agent to the skull through a scalp of the patient, or application of the anti-inflammatory agent into a skull bone of the patient.