Non-invasive monitoring of blood metabolite levels

A monitoring system for at least one of a glucose level, an electrolyte level or an analyte level, the monitoring system comprising:

• a sensor array for repeatedly transmitting a plurality of electromagnetic signals into an epidermis layer of a patient and one of a dermis layer of the patient, or the dermis layer and a subcutaneous layer of the patient;
• repeatedly obtaining a plurality of return electromagnetic impedance readings from:
• the epidermis layer of a patient and the one of the dermis layer or the dermis layer and the subcutaneous layer of the patient, until a difference between the transmitted electromagnetic signals and the return electromagnetic impedance readings exceeds a threshold, the threshold being equal to approximately a ten percent difference,
• wherein exceeding the threshold indicates that the transmitted plurality of electromagnetic signals penetrated the at least one of the dermis layer, or the dermis layer and subcutaneous layer,
• wherein the repeatedly transmitting of the plurality of electromagnetic signals and the repeatedly obtaining of the plurality of return electromagnetic impedance readings is performed within approximately ten minutes;
• a calculator for calculating an impedance value representing the difference between the transmitted electromagnetic signals and the return electromagnetic signals using an equivalent circuit model and individual adjustment factor data representative of a physiological characteristic of the patient;
• and
• a determinator for determining the at least one of the glucose level, the electrolyte level or the analyte level of the patient from the impedance value and at least one of a glucose algorithm, an electrolyte algorithm or an analyte algorithm.

A program product stored on a non-transitory computer readable medium, which when executed by a computer, causes the computer to perform the following:

• instructs a sensor array to repeatedly transmit a plurality of electromagnetic signals into an epidermis layer of a patient and one of a dermis layer of the patient, or the dermis layer and a subcutaneous layer of the patient;
• determines a blood metabolite level of a patient based on a plurality of repeatedly obtained return electromagnetic impedance readings collected from the epidermis layer of the patient and the one of the dermis layer, or the dermis layer and the subcutaneous layer of the patient within approximately ten minutes, the plurality of electromagnetic signals being repeatedly transmitted and the plurality of return electromagnetic readings being repeatedly obtained until a difference between the plurality of transmitted electromagnetic signals and the plurality of obtained return electromagnetic readings exceeds a threshold equal to approximately a ten percent difference,
• wherein exceeding the threshold indicates that the transmitted plurality of electromagnetic signals penetrated the at least one of the dermis layer, or the dermis layer and subcutaneous layer;
• and
• provides instructions for calibrating the sensor array based on the determined blood metabolite level of the patient and a known blood metabolite level of the patient obtained independently of the determined blood metabolite level of the patient.