At least one computer readable medium storing computer readable instructions that control at least one processor to implement a user authentication method using a self-signed certificate of a web server, the method comprising:
- receiving a log-in message generated by using a public key registered to the self-signed certificate of the web server from a client device;
- generating a response message by using the log-in message and a secret key corresponding to the public key using at least one processor;
- transmitting the generated response message to the client device;
- receiving a verification value from the client device via a secure socket layer (SSL) channel connected by using the self-signed certificate of the web server from the client device when a reliability of the response message is verified at the client device;
- verifying a reliability of the log-in message by using the received verification value;
- and
- confirming completion of user authentication if the reliability of the log-in message is verified.