Living radical polymerization method using a phosphorus compound or nitrogen compound as a catalyst

A method of polymerization comprising a step of conducting a living radical polymerization reaction, wherein the living radical polymerization step is conducted in the presence of:

• a) a catalyst consisting of a compound comprising at least one central element selected from nitrogen and phosphorus, and at least one halogen atom which is bound to the central element, wherein the halogen atom is iodine or bromine;
• and
• b) an organic halide having a carbon-halogen bond,
• wherein, the catalyst is represented by the following general formula (Ia):
• R1nMhX1m(Z)k (Ia)
• wherein, R1 is alkyl, alkylcarboxyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyl group, amino group, cyano group, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, aryl, or substituted aryl,
• wherein, two R1 may be bound to each other such that the two R1 and one M may together form a ring structure,
• n is 0,
• M is a central element, which is nitrogen or phosphorus,
• h is an integer of 1 or more, wherein when h is 2, M is linked together, and when h is 3 or greater, M may be linked in a form of a straight chain, a branched chain or in a cyclic form,
• when h is an integer of 2 or more, R1, X1, and Z may be independently bound to any of plurality of atoms of M,
• X1 is iodine or bromine,
• Z is oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur, and is bound to M,
• the bond between Z and M;
• is a double bond or triple bond,
• m is an integer of 2 to 5×h, and
• k is an integer of 0 to 2×h.

A method of polymerization comprising a step of conducting a living radical polymerization reaction, wherein the living radical polymerization step is conducted in the presence of:

• a) a catalyst;
• and
• b) an organic halide having a carbon-halogen bond
• wherein M is phosphorus and the catalyst is represented by the following general formula (Ib):
• R1nPhX1m(Z)k (Ib)
• wherein R1 is alkyl, alkoxy, aryl or substituted aryl,
• P is phosphorous;
• n is an integer of 0 to 4×h,
• h is an integer of 1 to 4, wherein when h is 2, P is linked together, and when h is 3 or greater, P may be linked in a form of a straight chain, a branched chain or in a cyclic form,
• when h is an integer of 2 or more, R1, X1 and Z may be independently bound to any of plurality of atoms of P
• X1 is iodine or bromine,
• Z is oxygen or nitrogen, and is bound to P,
• the bond between Z and P:
• is a double bond or triple bond,
• m is an integer of 1 to 5×h, and
• k is an integer of 0 to 2×h.

A method of polymerization comprising a step of conducting a living radical polymerization reaction, wherein the living radical polymerization step is conducted in the presence of:

• a) a catalyst;
• and
• b) an organic halide having a carbon-halogen bond
• wherein the catalyst is represented by the following general formula (Ic):
• R1nPX1m(═O)k (Ic)
• wherein, R1 is alkoxy, aryl, or substituted aryl,
• n is an integer of 0 to 2,
• X1 is iodine or bromine,
• m is an integer of 1 to 3, and
• k is an integer of 0 to 1.