Lithium ion batteries

A lithium ion battery, comprising:

• a positive electrode;
• a negative electrode;
• a microporous polymer separator soaked in an electrolyte solution, the microporous polymer separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode;
• and
• an ion exchange polymer material any of i) incorporated as a binder in any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, ii) deposited onto a surface of any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, iii) incorporated into the microporous polymer separator, or iv) deposited onto a surface of the microporous polymer separator;
• wherein the ion exchange polymer material is
• and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of:
• and isomers thereof;
• and wherein the is selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, polycarbonates, polyetheretherketones, polyethersulfones, polyimides, polyamide-imides, polyethers, polyoxymethylene, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylenenaphthenate, polybutene, acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene copolymers, polystyrene copolymers, polymethylmethacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polysiloxane polymers, polybenzimidazole, polybenzoxazole, polyphenylenes, polyarylene ether ketones, polyperfluorocyclobutanes, polytetrafluoroethylene, liquid crystalline polymers, polyaramides, polyphenylene oxide, and combinations thereof.

A lithium ion battery, comprising:

• a positive electrode;
• a negative electrode;
• a microporous polymer separator soaked in an electrolyte solution, the microporous polymer separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode;
• and
• an ion exchange polymer material any of i) incorporated as a binder in any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, ii) deposited onto a surface of any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, iii) incorporated into the microporous polymer separator, or iv) deposited onto a surface of the microporous polymer separator;
• wherein the ion exchange polymer material is one polymerized monomer;
• the one monomer is
• and X is selected from the group consisting of:
• and isomers thereof.

A lithium ion battery, comprising:

• a positive electrode;
• a negative electrode;
• a microporous polymer separator soaked in an electrolyte solution, the microporous polymer separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode;
• and
• an ion exchange polymer material any of i) incorporated as a binder in any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, ii) deposited onto a surface of any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, iii) incorporated into the microporous polymer separator, or iv) deposited onto a surface of the microporous polymer separator;
• wherein a precursor to the ion exchange polymer material is
• reacted with a hydroxy-substituted cryptand so the hydroxy-substituted cryptand replaces the Cl group and becomes a pendant group of the ion exchange polymer material, the hydroxy-substituted cryptand being selected from the group consisting of:
• and isomers thereof.

A lithium ion battery, comprising:

• a positive electrode;
• a negative electrode;
• a microporous polymer separator soaked in an electrolyte solution, the microporous polymer separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode;
• and
• an ion exchange polymer material any of i) incorporated as a binder in any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, ii) deposited onto a surface of any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, iii) incorporated into the microporous polymer separator, or iv) deposited onto a surface of the microporous polymer separator;
• wherein the ion exchange polymer material is i) a functionalized bead, or ii) a polymerized monomer reacted with any of:

A lithium ion battery, comprising:

• a positive electrode;
• a negative electrode;
• a microporous polymer separator soaked in an electrolyte solution, the microporous polymer separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode;
• and
• an ion exchange polymer material any of i) incorporated as a binder in any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, ii) deposited onto a surface of any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, iii) incorporated into the microporous polymer separator, or iv) deposited onto a surface of the microporous polymer separator;
• wherein the ion exchange polymer material is
• and wherein R is selected from the group consisting of:
• and isomers thereof.

A method of forming an ion exchange polymer material, comprising:

• forming a crown ether or a cryptand, the crown ether or the cryptand having one of an OH group or an NH group;
• any of:
• i) forming a polymer bead by emulsion polymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene;
• and then
• functionalizing the polymer bead to attach a functional group selected from the group consisting of a halogen and an organic molecule including a halogen;
• or
• ii) forming a polymer bead and functionalizing the polymer bead in a single step, the forming and the functionalizing being accomplished by polymerizing styrene, divinylbenzene, and vinylbenzyl chloride to form the polymer bead having a functional group of CH2Cl attached thereto;
• or
• iii) forming a polymer bead and functionalizing the polymer bead in a single step, the forming and the functionalizing being accomplished by polymerizing divinylbenzene and vinylbenzyl chloride to form the polymer bead having a functional group of CH2Cl attached thereto;
• and
• replacing the functional group attached to the polymer bead with the crown ether or the cryptand, thereby forming the ion exchange polymer material having a pendant crown ether or a pendant cryptand.