Electrofluidic chromatophore (EFC) display apparatus

A method of manufacturing a display apparatus comprising a circuit board having row and column electrodes arranged thereon to connect a driver to a plurality of electrofluidic chromatophore (EFC) pixel cells provided on the circuit board, the method comprises:

• providing a fluid holder for holding a polar fluid and a non-polar fluid having differing display properties and at least two pixel cell terminals connectable to the row and column electrodes on the circuit board;
• wherein the fluid holder is with a reservoir having an orifice with a small visible area projected in the direction of a viewer, and wherein the fluid holder is provided a channel with a geometry having a large visible area projected in the direction of a viewer, the channel being connected to the reservoir via said orifice so as to enable free movement of the polar fluid and non-polar fluid between the channel and the reservoir, at least part of a surface of the channel comprising a wetting property and at least two pixel cell terminals connectable to the row and column electrodes on the circuit board and being configured to supply a supply voltage to at least part of the surface of the channel comprising the wetting property for supply voltage controlled movement of polar fluid;
• the at least two pixel cell terminals dielectrically separated from the polar fluid;
• wherein the reservoir is formed in a stacked structure of homogenous film layers arranged on the circuit board, the structure at least comprising an orifice film layer and a reservoir film layer, wherein the reservoir arranged in the reservoir layer is obscured in the direction of a viewer by the orifice film layer, said orifice film layer defining a smallest orifice area that is smaller than a cross sectional area formed in the reservoir film layer;
• and
• wherein the reservoir stack structure includes a reservoir layer forming a reservoir with a reservoir height ranging between 15-50 micrometer, and an orifice layer with a thickness ranging between 1 and 15 micrometer.