Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising:

• a laminated body, and
• a hole transporting layer formed on the laminated body, wherein the laminated body comprises:
• a conductive support,
• an electron transporting layer formed on the support, and
• a charge generating layer formed on the electron transporting layer,
• wherein the electron transporting layer comprises a polymerized product of a composition comprising:
• an electron transporting substance having a polymerizable functional group,
• a crosslinking agent, and
• a thermoplastic resin having a polymerizable functional group,
• wherein the polymerizable functional group is a hydroxy group, a thiol group, an amino group, a carboxyl group, or a methoxy group,
• wherein a content of the electron transporting substance in the composition is 30% by mass or more and 70% by mass or less with respect to the total mass of the composition, and
• wherein the laminated body satisfies the following expression (1):
• R—opt/R_dark≦0.95 (1)
• where, in the expression (1),
• R_opt represents impedance of the laminated body measured by the steps of:
• forming, on a surface of the charge generating layer, a circular-shaped gold electrode having a thickness of 300 nm and a diameter of 10 mm by sputtering, and
• applying, between the conductive support and the circular-shaped gold electrode, an alternating electric field having a voltage of 100 mV and a frequency of 0.1 Hz while irradiating the surface of the charge generating layer with light having intensity of 30 μJ/cm2·s, and
• measuring the impedance,
• and
• R_dark represents impedance of the laminated body measured by the steps of:
• forming, on a surface of the charge generating layer, a circular-shaped gold electrode having a thickness of 300 nm and a diameter of 10 mm by sputtering, and
• applying, between the conductive support and the circular-shaped gold electrode, an alternating electric field having a voltage of 100 mV and a frequency of 0.1 Hz without irradiating the surface of the charge generating layer with light, and
• measuring the impedance.