# US 9,040,400 B2 · Air-stable n-channel organic electronic devices

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- Number: US 9,040,400 B2
- Document ID: US9040400B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 13/079,879
- Filed: 2011-04-05
- Published: 2011-10-13
- Granted: 2015-05-26
- Earliest claimed: 2010-04-05
- Assignees: The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University
- Applicants: Peng Wei; Zhenan Bao; Joon Hak Oh
- Inventors: Peng Wei; Zhenan Bao; Joon Hak Oh
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US9040400B2

## CPC

- H10K 71/30: Doping active layers, e.g. electron transporting layers
- B82Y 10/00: Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
- H10K 10/466: {Lateral bottom-gate IGFETs comprising only a single gate}
- H10K 10/472: {the gate dielectric comprising only inorganic materials}
- H10K 85/215: {comprising substituents, e.g. PCBM}
- H10K 85/40: Organosilicon compounds, e.g. TIPS pentacene
- H10K: ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- B82Y: SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES

## Abstract

In connection with various example embodiments, an organic electronic device is provided with an organic material that is susceptible to decreased mobility due to the trapping of electron charge carriers in response to exposure to air. The organic material is doped with an n-type dopant that, when combined with the organic material, effects air stability for the doped organic material (e.g., exhibits a mobility that facilitates stable operation in air, such as may be similar to operation in inert environments). Other embodiments are directed to organic electronic devices n-doped and exhibiting such air stability.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A method for manufacturing an organic electronic device having adjacent organic semiconductor regions, including a first region and a second region and having a semiconductor junction therebetween at which the first and second regions interact on electron charge carriers in response to a threshold voltage, the method comprising:
providing an organic material that is susceptible to decreased mobility due to trapping of electron charge carriers in response to exposure to air; and
providing an n-type dopant and doping the first region with the organic material that, when combined with the organic material via doping, effects air stability for the organic electronic device by setting the threshold voltage at a level that increases conductivity of the device as attributable to the doping.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, further including selecting the organic material with a LUMO level of at least −3.7 eV, and exposing the doped first region of organic material or the device to air.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein providing an organic material includes selecting the organic material and the n-type dopant that, when combined, provide a doped organic material that exhibits mobility upon exposure of the device to air that is substantially similar to a mobility exhibited by the doped organic material upon exposure to at least one of an inert gas environment and a vacuum environment, and wherein the step of doping provides means for increasing the conductivity of the device.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein providing an organic material that is susceptible to decreased mobility due to the trapping of electron charge carriers includes providing an organic material that is susceptible to decreased mobility due to at least one of impurities being present in the organic material and oxidation of the organic material and wherein the conductivity increases by an order of magnitude.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein providing an organic material includes providing an organic material having a LUMO level that is above at least one of −4.1 eV, −4.0 eV, and −3.7 eV, depending on the kinetic factors in a thin film of the organic electronic device.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein providing an organic material includes providing an organic material having a LUMO level that is above an empirical onset region of between about −3.8 to −4.0 eV for air-stability of arylene diimide-based n-channel organic materials.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein doping the organic material includes applying an electric field to the dopant and organic material to engender negative charge in the channelarea, lower the energetic barrier of the organic material, and effect doping of the organic material with the n-type dopant.

### Claim 8 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein doping the organic material includes controlling the transfer of electrons from highest occupied molecular orbitals, or singly occupied molecular orbitals, of the first region of dopant material to LUMOs of the organic material via n-type doping, the density of mobile electron charge in the first region being increased and therein compensating for the trapping of electron charge carriers.

### Claim 9 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein doping the organic material includes at least one of: co-evaporating the n-type dopant and the organic material onto a substrate; depositing an organic material onto a substrate and a layer of the n-type dopant; and depositing an organic material either on a layer of the n-type dopant or below a layer of the n-type dopant.

### Claim 10 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1,
wherein providing an organic material and doping the organic material includes providing a mixture of an organic material and a dopant on an underlying substrate, using the dopant in the mixture to dope the organic material, and
further including using the mixture to form a layer of doped organic material on the substrate.

### Claim 11 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein providing an organic material and doping the organic material includes forming a single layer of the doped organic material in contact with the organic material layer, and further providing at least one other material layer of the organic electronic device, wherein the single layer of the doped organic material is between the organic material layer and said at least one other material layer.

### Claim 12 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein providing an organic material and doping the organic material includes forming a monolayer of the doped organic material on a substrate to form a channel region of the organic electronic device, and wherein the conductivity increases by multiple orders of magnitude.

### Claim 13 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the doping includes vacuum depositing with an n-type dopant to dope and set electric characteristics of material in the organic electronic device.

### Claim 14 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the doping includes using solution-processed doping with an n-type dopant to dope and set electric characteristics of material in the organic electronic device.

### Claim 15

A method for manufacturing an organic semiconductor device, the method comprising:
providing an organic semiconductor material that is susceptible to decreased mobility due to the trapping of electron charge carriers in response to exposure to air, the organic semiconductor material having a LUMO level that is at least −4.1 eV;
selecting an n-type dopant that, when used to dope the organic semiconductor material, effects air stability for the device having doped organic semiconductor material to provide material means for increasing conductivity of the device by the respective organic semiconductor material and the n-type dopant having respective electron affinity and ionization potential values that exhibit an energetic barrier to doping of the organic semiconductor material; and
applying a field to the organic material to generate negative charge carriers in the organic semiconductor material to overcome the energetic barrier and facilitate doping of the organic semiconductor material with the n-type dopant.

### Claim 16

An organic electronic device comprising:
an organic material that is susceptible to decreased mobility due to the trapping of electron charge carriers in response to exposure to air; and
in the organic material, an n-type dopant that, when combined with the organic material via doping, effects air stability for the doped organic material, and wherein the n-type dopant combined with the organic material via doping manifests material means for increasing conductivity of the device.

### Claim 17 (depends on 16)

The device of claim 16, wherein the organic device includes an organic thin film transistor, and wherein the doped organic material is a channel region of the transistor.

### Claim 18 (depends on 16)

The device of claim 16, wherein the organic device includes an organic optical device, and wherein the doped organic material is an active region of the optical device.

### Claim 19 (depends on 16)

The device of claim 16, wherein the doped organic material is a monolayer of the organic electronic device.

### Claim 20 (depends on 16)

The device of claim 16, wherein the doped organic material is configured to exhibit mobility upon exposure to air after 10 days without encapsulation that substantially retains at least 40% of the mobility exhibited by the doped organic material to at least one of an inert gas environment and a vacuum environment.

### Claim 21 (depends on 16)

The device of claim 16, wherein the organic material is susceptible to decreased mobility due to at least one of impurities being present in the organic material and oxidation of the organic material.

### Claim 22 (depends on 16)

The device of claim 16, wherein the organic material has a LUMO level that is above at least one of −4.1 eV, −4.0 eV, and −3.7 eV , depending on kinetic factors in a thin film of the organic electronic device.