Image forming apparatus including developing device using toner holding member with specific surface roughness

A development device including:

• a toner holding member that faces but is not in contact with an image carrier carrying a latent image and that rotates while holding a nonmagnetic toner,
• a charging member that charges the toner held by the toner holding member, and
• a developing electric field forming unit that forms a developing electric field at least including a direct current component having a predetermined potential difference between the image carrier and the toner holding member to cause the charged toner to fly and adhere to the latent image on the image carrier to develop the latent image,
• wherein V0/d<6.8*10−4 is satisfied where d(μm) represents an average particle diameter of the nonmagnetic toner, regarding surface roughness of the toner holding member. V0 represents an oil retention volume corresponding to a volume of oil retained for an oil retention depth Rvk relative to a surface area of 1 cm2,
• wherein V0 is defined as V0=(100−Mr2)*Rvk/2000 (μm), Mr2 represents an oil retention length,
• wherein in the state that the developing electric field forming unit is applied such that a strength of the direct current component starts to the toner from the toner holding member to the e carrier, maintaining a non-electrostatic adhesion of the toner to the toner holding member to be about 2 nN or more under a low-temperature low-humidity environment of a temperature of 10° C. and a relative humidity of 15%.