Developer, image-forming apparatus, and method for forming image

An image-forming apparatus comprising:

• a toner image carrier including a surface layer in which fluoropolymer resin particles are dispersed;
• an image-forming device that forms on the toner image carrier a toner image with a toner having an external additive deposited thereon;
• and
• a cleaning member disposed in contact with an outer surface of the toner image carrier,
• wherein the external additive deposited on the toner is a nonspherical external additive whose volume average particle size is smaller than the average particle size of exposed portions of the fluoropolymer resin particles in the surface layer of the toner image carrier.

A developer comprising a toner having an external additive deposited thereon, the developer being used with an image-forming apparatus including:

• an image carrier including a surface layer in which fluoropolymer resin particles are dispersed;
• and
• a cleaning member disposed in contact with an outer surface of the image carrier,
• wherein the external additive is an external additive that has an average circularity of about 0.8 or less and whose volume average particle size is smaller than the average particle size of exposed portions of the fluoropolymer resin particles in the surface layer of the image carrier.