Palladium phosphine complexes for the telomerization of butadiene

A phosphine ligand, the ligand comprising two phenyl groups, a xanthene, the xanthene having an oxygen atom incorporated into a rigid ring structure consisting of two aromatic rings, and a linking phosphorous moiety, the ligand being represented by a formula as follows:

• wherein, R1 are the same and are each H, linear, branched or cyclic C1-C20 alkyl, C6-C18 aryl, C1-C20 alkoxy or polyether. All R3 are the same or dissimilar, and are each H, linear, branched or cyclic C1-C20 alkyl, C6-C18 aryl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, C1-C20 alkoxy, or C1-C20 dialkylamino. X is a bridging moiety selected from a dimethyl-substituted carbon (—CMe2-) and silicon (—SiMe2) atom.