Charging member, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus

A charging member, comprising:

• a substrate;
• and
• an outermost layer that is on the substrate, is in contact with a member to be charged, and contains a cross-linking fluorocarbon siloxane rubber composition,
• wherein
• the charging member charges the member to be charged by being brought into contact with the member to be charged while a voltage is applied, and
• the cross-linking fluorocarbon siloxane rubber composition comprises:
• (A) a fluorocarbon polymer having an aliphatic unsaturated group and mainly composed of fluorocarbon siloxane represented by the structural formula (1), (3), or (4) below;
• (B) organopolysiloxane and/or fluorocarbon siloxane having two or more silyl groups per molecule, the molar amount of the silyl groups being 1 to 4 times the molar amount of the aliphatic unsaturated group in the fluorocarbon polymer;
• (C) a filler;
• and
• (D) a catalyst,
• where in the structural formula (I):
• R10 represents an unsubstituted or substituted monovalent hydrocarbon group,
• a and e each independently represent 0 or 1,
• b and d each independently represent an integer of 1 to 4,
• c represents an integer of 0 to 8, and
• x represents an integer of 1 or more,
• CH2═CH—(X)p-Rf′—(X′)p-CH═CH2 (3)
• CH2═CH—(X)p-Q-Rf′-Q-(X′)p-CH═CH2 (4)
• where in the structural formulas (3) and (4):
• X is —CH2—, —CH2O—, —CH2OCH2—, or —Y—NR—CO—, wherein Y is —CH2— or a group represented by the structural formula (5A) below and R is a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, a phenyl group, or an allyl group,
• X′ is —CH2—, —OCH2—, —CH2OCH2—, or —CO—NR′—Y′—, wherein Y′ is —CH2— or a group represented by the structural formula (5B) below and R′ is a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, a phenyl group, or an allyl group,
• Rf′ has a divalent perfluoropolyether structure,
• p is independently 0 or 1, and
• Q is a divalent hydrocarbon group with 1 to 15 carbon atoms that may have an ether linkage.