# US 8,788,917 B2 · Systems for high-speed backplane applications using FEC encoding > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 8,788,917 B2 - Document ID: US8788917B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 13/863,796 - Filed: 2013-04-16 - Published: 2013-09-12 - Granted: 2014-07-22 - Earliest claimed: 2010-01-29 - Assignees: Broadcom Corporation - Applicants: Broadcom Corporation - Inventors: William Bliss - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US8788917B2 ## CPC - H03M 13/151: {using error location or error correction polynomials} - H03M 13/05: using block codes, i.e. a predetermined number of check bits joined to a predetermined number of information bits {(H03M13/2906 takes precedence)} - H03M 13/1515: {Reed-Solomon codes} - H04B 7/0456: Selection of precoding matrices or codebooks, e.g. using matrices antenna weighting - H04L 1/0041: {Arrangements at the transmitter end} - H04L 1/0045: {Arrangements at the receiver end} - H04L 25/03949: {equalizer selection or adaptation based on feedback (multiple signaling inclusive of a precoding command for adapting the transmitter H04L1/0031; feedback for transmit diversity systems H04B7/0619; selection of codebook or precoding matrix for MIMO diversity systems H04B7/0456)} - H04L 25/4917: {using multilevel codes} - H04L 27/02: Amplitude-modulated carrier systems, e.g. using on-off keying; Single sideband or vestigial sideband modulation (H04L27/32 takes precedence) - H04L 1/0057: {Block codes (H04L1/0061, H04L1/0064 take precedence)} - H04L 27/00: Modulated-carrier systems - H03M: CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL (using fluidic means F15C4/00; optical analogue/digital converters G02F7/00; coding, decoding or code conversion, specially adapted for particular applications, see the relevant subclasses, e.g. G01D, G01R, G06F, G06T, G09G, G10L, G11B, G11C, H04B, H04L, H04M, H04N; ciphering or deciphering for cryptography or other purposes involving the need for secrecy G09C) - H04B: TRANSMISSION - H04L: TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION (arrangements common to telegraphic and telephonic communication H04M) ## Abstract The present disclosure is directed to systems for achieving speeds up to, and beyond, twice the conventional 10 Gbps limit associated with Backplane Ethernet systems. In one example, the system is a transmitter that includes a FEC encoder configured to generate and append redundant symbols to the input data stream to provide a FEC encoded data stream, a serial-to-parallel module configured to de-serialize the FEC encoded data stream and distribute the FEC encoded data stream over parallel FEC encoded data streams with at least one of the redundant symbols generated by the FEC encoder generated based on data sent over two or more of the parallel FEC encoded data streams, and a line code encoder configured to modulate one of the parallel FEC encoded data streams. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A transmitter configured to format an input data stream for transmission over a channel disposed on a backplane, the transmitter comprising: a forward error correction (FEC) encoder configured to generate and append redundant symbols to the input data stream to provide a FEC encoded data stream; a serial-to-parallel module configured to de-serialize the FEC encoded data stream and distribute the FEC encoded data stream over a plurality of parallel FEC encoded data streams, wherein at least one of the redundant symbols generated by the FEC encoder has been generated based on data sent over two or more of the plurality of parallel FEC encoded data streams; and a line code encoder configured to modulate one of the parallel FEC encoded data streams using a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) scheme having an order M to provide a modulated data stream, where M is an integer. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The transmitter of claim 1, wherein the FEC encoder is configured to generate the redundant symbols in accordance with a Reed Solomon encoding technique. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The transmitter of claim 1, further comprising a pre-coder configured to perform channel pre-equalization and power limiting on the modulated data stream to provide a pre-coded data stream. ### Claim 4 (depends on 3) The transmitter of claim 3, wherein the pre-coder comprises an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter configured to perform channel pre-equalization and a modulo M device configured to perform transmit power limiting. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) The transmitter of claim 4, wherein the IIR filter is configured to have a transfer function substantially equal to the inverse transfer function of the channel. ### Claim 6 (depends on 4) The transmitter of claim 4, wherein the modulo M device is configured to limit symbols of the pre-coded data stream to have an amplitude within the interval [0, 1, . . . , M−1]. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The transmitter of claim 1, further comprising a training sequence generator configured to generate a sequence of training bits known to a receiving entity. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) The transmitter of claim 7, further comprising a second line code encoder configured to modulate the sequence of training bits. ### Claim 9 (depends on 8) The transmitter of claim 8, further comprising a multiplexer configured to provide as output either the modulated sequence of training bits or the modulated data stream based on a select signal. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1) The transmitter of claim 1, wherein the transmitter is configured to perform an auto-negotiation process with a receiving entity to determine a FEC scheme to be used by the FEC encoder based on at least one of a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) supported by the channel and a desired latency. ### Claim 11 (depends on 1) The transmitter of claim 1, wherein the transmitter is configured to perform an auto-negotiation process with a receiving entity to establish a master-slave relationship such that the transmitter and the receiving entity transmit data to each other based on a common clock. ### Claim 12 A receiver configured to recover data from a modulated data stream received over a channel disposed on a backplane, the receiver comprising: a data detector configured to detect symbols within the modulated data stream to provide a symbol stream; a line code decoder configured to demodulate the symbol stream to provide a demodulated data stream, wherein the symbol stream has been modulated in accordance with a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) scheme having an order M, where M is an integer; a parallel-to-serial module configured to combine the demodulated data stream with one or more other demodulated data streams to provide a serial data stream; and a forward error correction (FEC) decoder configured to detect and correct for errors in the serial data stream using a redundant symbol to provide an error corrected data stream, wherein the redundant symbol was generated based on data from two or more of the demodulated data streams that comprise the serial data stream. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) The receiver of claim 12, wherein the data detector includes an inverse pre-coder with an extended slicer configured to detect symbols within the modulated data stream and perform a modulo M operation on the detected symbols. ### Claim 14 (depends on 12) The receiver of claim 12, wherein the data detector includes a partial decision feedback equalizer (DFE) with an inverse pre-coder configured to detect symbols within the modulated data stream and perform a modulo M operation on the detected symbols. ### Claim 15 (depends on 12) The receiver of claim 12, further comprising a feed forward equalizer (FFE) configured to reduce pre-cursor intersymbol interference (ISI) on the modulated data stream prior to the modulated data stream being processed by the data detector. ### Claim 16 (depends on 12) The receiver of claim 12, further comprising a cancellation summer configured to substantially cancel from the modulated data stream near end cross talk (NEXT) noise prior to the modulated data stream being processed by the data detector. ### Claim 17 A transmitter configured to format an input data stream for transmission over a channel disposed on a backplane, the transmitter comprising: a forward error correction (FEC) encoder configured to generate and append redundant symbols to the input data stream to provide a FEC encoded data stream; a serial-to-parallel module configured to de-serialize the FEC encoded data stream and distribute the FEC encoded data stream over a plurality of parallel FEC encoded data streams, wherein at least one of the redundant symbols generated by the FEC encoder has been generated based on data sent over two or more of the plurality of parallel FEC encoded data streams; and a line code encoder configured to modulate one of the parallel FEC encoded data streams using a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) scheme having four possible signal levels to provide a modulated data stream. ### Claim 18 (depends on 17) The transmitter of claim 17, wherein the FEC encoder is configured to generate the redundant symbols in accordance with a Reed Solomon encoding technique. ### Claim 19 (depends on 17) The transmitter of claim 17, further comprising a pre-coder configured to perform channel pre-equalization and power limiting on the modulated data stream to provide a pre-coded data stream. ### Claim 20 (depends on 17) The transmitter of claim 17, wherein the transmitter is configured to perform an auto-negotiation process with a receiving entity to determine a FEC scheme to be used by the FEC encoder based on at least one of a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) supported by the channel and a desired latency.