# US 8,786,476 B2 · Systems, methods and apparatus for digital-to-analog conversion of superconducting magnetic flux signals

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- Number: US 8,786,476 B2
- Document ID: US8786476B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 13/325,785
- Filed: 2011-12-14
- Published: 2012-04-19
- Granted: 2014-07-22
- Earliest claimed: 2007-05-14
- Assignees: D-Wave Systems Inc.
- Applicants: Paul I. Bunyk; Felix Maibaum; Andrew J. Berkley; Thomas Mahon
- Inventors: Paul I. Bunyk; Felix Maibaum; Andrew J. Berkley; Thomas Mahon
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US8786476B2

## CPC

- H03M 1/66: Digital/analogue converters ({H03M1/001 – } H03M1/10 take precedence)
- B82Y 10/00: Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
- H03M: CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL (using fluidic means F15C4/00; optical analogue/digital converters G02F7/00; coding, decoding or code conversion, specially adapted for particular applications, see the relevant subclasses, e.g. G01D, G01R, G06F, G06T, G09G, G10L, G11B, G11C, H04B, H04L, H04M, H04N; ciphering or deciphering for cryptography or other purposes involving the need for secrecy G09C)
- B82Y: SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES

## Abstract

A superconducting flux digital-to-analog converter includes a superconducting inductor ladder circuit. The ladder circuit includes a plurality of closed superconducting current paths that each includes at least two superconducting inductors coupled in series to form a respective superconducting loop, successively adjacent or neighboring superconducting loops are connected in parallel with each other and share at least one of the superconducting inductors to form a flux divider network. A data signal input structure provides a respective bit of a multiple bit signal to each of the superconducting loops. The data signal input structure may include a set of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). The data signal input structure may include a superconducting shift register, for example a single-flux quantum (SFQ) shift register or a flux-based superconducting shift register comprising a number of latching qubits.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A method of operation in a local control subsystem for programming the elements of a superconducting programmable device, the method comprising:
for each element being programmed:
encoding the programming of the respective element in at least one digital signal;
generating the at least one digital signal in the form of discrete magnetic flux quanta;
administering the discrete magnetic flux quanta to at least two storage devices;
combining the discrete magnetic flux quanta into an analog signal, wherein the contribution of each magnetic flux quantum is weighted according to the storage device to which it was administered; and
administering the analog signal to the respective element of the superconducting programmable device.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein the superconducting programmable device is a superconducting quantum processor.

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The method of claim 2 wherein at least one element being programmed comprises a superconducting qubit.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein the analog signal is a supercurrent.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein generating the digital signal in the form of discrete magnetic flux quanta comprises generating discrete magnetic flux quanta via at least one superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID).

### Claim 6 (depends on 5)

The method of claim 5 wherein generating the digital signal in the form of discrete magnetic flux quanta comprises generating discrete magnetic flux quanta via at least two SQUIDs, and wherein each SQUID is coupled to a respective storage device.

### Claim 7 (depends on 5)

The method of claim 5 wherein generating the digital signal in the form of discrete magnetic flux quanta comprises generating discrete magnetic flux quanta via an addressable superconducting flux digital-to-analog converter (DAC) structure.

### Claim 8 (depends on 7)

The method of claim 7 wherein combining the discrete magnetic flux quanta into an analog signal includes combining the discrete magnetic flux quanta via the addressable superconducting flux DAC structure.

### Claim 9 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein administering the discrete magnetic flux quanta to at least two storage devices comprises administering the discrete magnetic flux quanta to at least two storage devices via inductive coupling.

### Claim 10 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein each of the at least two storage devices comprises a respective superconducting inductor.

### Claim 11 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein administering the analog signal to the element of the superconducting programmable device comprises administering the analog signal to the element of the superconducting programmable device via inductive coupling.

### Claim 12 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, further comprising:
resetting the storage devices by subtracting discrete magnetic flux quanta from the storage devices.

### Claim 13

A superconducting programmable device comprising:
a plurality of programmable elements; and
an addressable superconducting flux digital-to-analog converter (DAC) structure, the addressable superconducting flux DAC structure comprising:
a first plurality of DACs addressable by a first column line, each of the DACs in the first plurality of DACs addressable by a respective one of a number of bit lines; and
at least a second plurality of DACs addressable by a second column line, each of the DACs in the second plurality of DACs addressable by a respective one of the number of bit lines,
wherein each of the DACs includes at least one respective flux divider network and at least two respective superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), each of the at least two SQUIDs configured to inductively couple magnetic flux quanta to a respective superconducting inductor in the at least one flux divider network;
wherein each DAC in the addressable superconducting flux DAC structure is configured to administer signals to at least one programmable element in the plurality of programmable elements.

### Claim 14 (depends on 13)

The superconducting programmable device of claim 13 wherein the superconducting programmable device is a superconducting processor.

### Claim 15 (depends on 14)

The superconducting programmable device of claim 14 wherein the superconducting programmable device is a superconducting quantum processor.

### Claim 16 (depends on 15)

The superconducting programmable device of claim 15 wherein the plurality of programmable elements includes at least two superconducting qubits.

### Claim 17 (depends on 16)

The superconducting programmable device of claim 16 wherein the at least two superconducting qubits are superconducting flux qubits.

### Claim 18 (depends on 16)

The superconducting programmable device of claim 16 wherein the plurality of programmable elements includes at least one tunable qubit coupler.

### Claim 19 (depends on 13)

The superconducting programmable device of claim 13 wherein the addressable superconducting flux DAC structure further comprises:
a first row line, wherein a first one of the DACs in the first plurality of DACs is addressable by the first row line and a first one of the DACs in the second plurality of DACs is addressable by the first row line; and
a second row line, wherein a second one of the DACs in the first plurality of DACs is addressable by the second row line and a second one of the DACs in the second plurality of DACs is addressable by the second row line.