# US 8,785,096 B1 · Toner additives

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- Number: US 8,785,096 B1
- Document ID: US8785096B1
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B1
- Application number: 13/745,535
- Filed: 2013-01-18
- Published: 2014-07-24
- Granted: 2014-07-22
- Earliest claimed: 2013-01-18
- Assignees: Xerox Corporation
- Applicants: Xerox Corporation
- Inventors: Padam K. Angra; Richard P. Veregin
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US8785096B1

## CPC

- G03G 9/09708: {Inorganic compounds}
- G03G 9/09725: {Silicon-oxides; Silicates}
- G03G 9/09766: {comprising fluorine}
- B82Y 30/00: Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
- Y10S 977/762: Nanowire or quantum wire, i.e. axially elongated structure having two dimensions of 100 nm or less
- G03G: ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- B82Y: SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- Y10S: TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS

## Abstract

The disclosure relates generally to toner additives, and in particular, toner additives that provide desired higher and stable toner charge. The toner additives comprise silica nanotubes in combination with or in place of the commonly used silica or titania particulate additives.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A toner composition comprising:
toner particles comprising a resin and a colorant; and
one or more surface additives applied to a surface of the toner particles, the one or more surface additives comprising silica nanotubes.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more surface additives further comprise a particulate silica, particulate titania, particulate alumina and mixtures thereof.

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The toner composition of claim 2, wherein the particulate titania has an anatase or rutile structure.

### Claim 4 (depends on 2)

The toner composition of claim 2, wherein the silica nanotubes are present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 5 percent by weight of the total weight of the toner composition.

### Claim 5 (depends on 2)

The toner composition of claim 2, wherein the particulate silica, particulate titania, particulate alumina and mixtures thereof are present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 5 percent by weight of the total weight of the toner composition.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the silica nanotubes are present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 5 percent by weight of the total weight of the toner composition.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The toner composition of claim 1 further comprising one or more photoreceptor cleaning additives, where the one or more surface additives further comprise a particulate cerium dioxide, a fluoropolymer, a particulate comprised of a fluoropolymer, a particulate comprised of polytetrafluoroethylene, a particulate comprised of a polymethylmethacrylate, a particulate comprised of a metal stearate, a particulate comprised of zinc stearate, aluminum stearate or calcium stearate and mixtures thereof.

### Claim 8 (depends on 1)

The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the silica nanotubes have an average particle diameter of from about from about 5 nm to about 100 nm.

### Claim 9 (depends on 8)

The toner composition of claim 8, wherein the silica nanotubes have an average particle diameter of from about from about 5 nm to about 50 nm.

### Claim 10 (depends on 1)

The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the silica nanotubes have an average particle length of from about from about 50 nm to about 2 microns.

### Claim 11 (depends on 10)

The toner composition of claim 10, wherein the silica nanotubes have an average particle length of from about from about 100 nm to about 1 microns.

### Claim 12 (depends on 1)

The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the surface of the silica nanotubes is substantially free of hydroxyl groups.

### Claim 13 (depends on 1)

The toner composition of claim 1, wherein the silica nanotubes comprise silicon.

### Claim 14 (depends on 1)

The toner composition of claim 1 having a percent toner cohesion from about 10% to about 78%.

### Claim 15 (depends on 1)

The toner composition of claim 1 having an Additive Adhesion Force Distribution percent value of greater than 40 percent after from about 2.5 to about 3 minutes of sonification and 3 kilojoules of energy.

### Claim 16

A toner composition comprising:
toner particles comprising a resin and a colorant; and
one or more surface additives applied to a surface of the toner particles, the one or more surface additives comprising silica nanotubes, wherein the toner composition has a high charge of from about −15 microcoulomb per gram to about −80 microcoulomb per gram and a low relative humidity sensitivity ratio of from about 1 to about 2.

### Claim 17 (depends on 16)

The toner composition of claim 16, wherein the silica nanotubes have an average particle diameter of from about from about 5 nm to about 100 nm and an average particle length of from about from about 50 nm to about 2 microns.

### Claim 18

A developer comprising:
a toner composition; and
a toner carrier, wherein the toner composition comprises
toner particles comprising a resin and a colorant, and
one or more surface additives applied to a surface of the toner particles, the one or more surface additives comprising silica nanotubes.

### Claim 19 (depends on 18)

The developer of claim 18, wherein the toner composition is an emulsion aggregation toner composition.

### Claim 20 (depends on 18)

The developer of claim 18, wherein the toner composition is prepared by physical methods.