# US 8,784,065 B2 · Friction welding of titanium aluminide turbine to titanium alloy shaft > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 8,784,065 B2 - Document ID: US8784065B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 13/114,177 - Filed: 2011-05-24 - Published: 2012-11-29 - Granted: 2014-07-22 - Earliest claimed: 2011-05-24 - Assignees: Caterpillar Inc. - Applicants: Nan Yang; Jeff A. Jensen; Jesus G. Chapa Cabrera - Inventors: Nan Yang; Jeff A. Jensen; Jesus G. Chapa Cabrera - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US8784065B2 ## CPC - F01D 5/025: {Fixing blade carrying members on shafts (attachment of a member on a shaft in general F16D1/06; for non-positive displacement pumps F04D29/00)} - B23K 20/129: {specially adapted for particular articles or work} - B23K 20/233: without ferrous layer - B23K 2103/24: Ferrous alloys and titanium or alloys thereof - F05D 2220/40: in turbochargers - F05D 2230/239: Inertia or friction welding - F05D 2230/25: by forging - F05D 2300/174: Titanium alloys, e.g. TiAl - F05D 2300/182: Metal-aluminide intermetallic compounds - F01D: NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES (machines or engines for liquids F03; non-positive displacement pumps F04D) - B23K: SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM - F05D: INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS ## Abstract A frictional welding process for joining a titanium aluminide turbine to a titanium alloy shaft is disclosed. The disclosed process includes preheating the turbine to a designated temperature, providing a specially-designed joining interface geometry at the distal end of the shaft and optimizing the frictional welding parameters. The frictional welding is carried out in multiple steps but, while the shaft is being spun by a rotating chuck, two different pressures and two different time periods are used until the narrower portions of the distal end of the shaft have been fused onto the welding surface of the turbine. Then, an additional forging step with yet another engagement pressure between the shaft and the turbine is carried out without rotation of the shaft. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method for joining a first component fabricated from titanium aluminide to a second component fabricated from a titanium alloy by friction welding, the method comprising: preheating the first component; rotating the second component and pressing the second component against the first component at a first pressure and for a first time period; after the first time period expires, rotating the second component and pressing the second component against the first component at a second pressure for a second time period; after the second time period expires, stopping the rotation of the second component and pressing the second component against the first component at a third pressure for a third time period. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1 wherein the second pressure is greater than the first pressure. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1 wherein the third pressure is greater than the second pressure. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1 wherein the first time period is greater than the second time period. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1 wherein the third time period is greater than the first time period. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1 wherein the first time period and the second time period are adjusted to provide a predetermined shortening of an axial length of the shaft. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1 wherein the first component is a turbine of a turbocharger and the second component is a shaft and the first component is a turbine of the turbocharger. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1 wherein the titanium alloy is selected from the group consisting of Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo and combinations thereof. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1 wherein the titanium aluminide is selected from the group consisting of TiAl, Ti3Al intermetallic compound-based alloys including Ti-45Al-2Nb-2Cr, Ti-47Al-2Nb-2Cr, Ti-47Al-2W-0.5Si, Ti-47Al-2Nb-1Mn-0.5W-0.5Mo-0.2Si, Ti-48Al-2Nb-0.7Cr-0.3Si, Ti-45Al-2Mn-2Nb-0.8 vol % TiB2 and Ti-47Al-2Mn-2Nb-0.8 vol % TiB2 and combinations thereof. ### Claim 10 A method of joining a shaft to a turbine of a turbocharger, the method comprising: providing a titanium alloy shaft having an end having first diameter and that is connected to a distal end having a second diameter that is smaller than the first diameter; providing an titanium aluminide turbine with a welding surface for receiving the end of the shaft and having a third diameter greater than the second diameter; preheating the turbine; placing the shaft in a rotating chuck and placing the turbine in a stationary chuck that is axially aligned with the rotating chuck and so that the shaft is an axial alignment with the welding surface of the turbine; rotating the shaft and pressing the distal end of the shaft against the welding surface of the turbine at a first engagement pressure; after the distal end of the shaft is been substantially displaced or fused into the welding surface, continuing to rotate the shaft and pressing the end of the shaft against the welding surface of the turbine at a second engagement pressure; stopping rotation of the shaft and continuing to press the end of the shaft against the welding surface of the turbine at a third engagement pressure. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) The method of claim 10 wherein the second pressure is greater than the first pressure. ### Claim 12 (depends on 10) The method of claim 10 wherein the third pressure is greater than the second pressure. ### Claim 13 (depends on 10) The method of claim 10 wherein the first pressure is applied for a first time period and the second pressure is applied for a second time period, the first time period is greater than the second time period. ### Claim 14 (depends on 10) The method of claim 10 wherein the first pressure is applied for a first time period and the third pressure is applied for a third time period, the third time period is greater than the first time period. ### Claim 15 (depends on 10) The method of claim 10 wherein the first component is a turbine of a turbocharger. ### Claim 16 A turbocharger comprising: shaft having a first diameter at a first end thereof, the first end of the shaft being connected to a circular distal end having a second diameter that is smaller than the first diameter; a turbine including a circular welding surface having a third diameter greater than the second diameter, the circular welding surface being frictionally welded to the circular distal end. ### Claim 17 (depends on 16) The turbocharger of claim 16 wherein the third diameter is about equal to the first diameter. ### Claim 18 (depends on 16) The turbocharger of claim 16 wherein the shaft is fabricated from a titanium alloy selected from the group consisting of Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo and combinations thereof. ### Claim 19 (depends on 16) The turbocharger of claim 16 wherein the turbine is fabricated from a titanium aluminide selected from the group consisting of TiAl, Ti3Al intermetallic compound-based alloys including TiAl, Ti3Al intermetallic compound-based alloys including Ti-45Al-2Nb-2Cr, Ti-47Al-2Nb-2Cr, Ti-47Al-2W-0.5Si, Ti-47Al-2Nb-1Mn-0.5W-0.5Mo-0.2Si, Ti-48Al-2Nb-0.7Cr-0.3Si, Ti-45Al-2Mn-2Nb-0.8 vol % TiB2 and Ti-47Al-2Mn-2Nb-0.8 vol % TiB2 and combinations thereof. ### Claim 20 (depends on 16) The turbocharger of claim 16 wherein the shaft is connected to the turbine by friction welding at two different pressures followed by a forging step at a third pressure.