# US 8,772,624 B2 · Solar cell encapsulant layers with enhanced stability and adhesion > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 8,772,624 B2 - Document ID: US8772624B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 11/495,249 - Filed: 2006-07-28 - Published: 2008-01-31 - Granted: 2014-07-08 - Earliest claimed: 2006-07-28 - Assignees: E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company - Applicants: Richard Allen Hayes; Geraldine M. Lenges; Steven C. Pesek; Sam Louis Samuels; Charles Anthony Smith - Inventors: Richard Allen Hayes; Geraldine M. Lenges; Steven C. Pesek; Sam Louis Samuels; Charles Anthony Smith - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US8772624B2 ## CPC - B32B 17/10788: {containing ethylene vinylacetate} - B32B 17/10018: {comprising only one glass sheet} - B32B 17/10036: {comprising two outer glass sheets} - B32B 17/10743: {containing acrylate (co)polymers or salts thereof} - H10F 19/807: {Double-glass encapsulation, e.g. photovoltaic cells arranged between front and rear glass sheets} - B32B 2327/12: containing fluorine - Y02E 10/50: Photovoltaic [PV] energy - B32B: LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM - H10F: INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION - Y02E: REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION ## Abstract The present invention provides a solar cell module comprising at least one encapsulant layer which has 1) a total thickness of from about 0.1 to about 20 mils and 2) at least one surface layer made of ionomers containing a finite amount of polymerized residues of α-olefins and from about 18 to about 25 wt % of polymerized residues of α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids. The present invention also provides a process of manufacturing the solar cell module. ## Claims ### Claim 1 An assembly for preparing a solar cell module comprising: (i) a first encapsulant layer, (ii) a solar cell layer comprising one or a plurality of electronically interconnected solar cells and having two opposite surfaces, a light-receiving surface and a rear surface, and (iii) an optional second encapsulant layer, wherein: a) said first encapsulant layer has a total thickness of from about 0.1 to about 20 mils; b) said first encapsulant layer is made from an ionomeric composition consisting of one ionomer and optionally one or more additives, wherein said ionomer comprises a finite amount of polymerized residues of an α-olefin and greater than or equal to 18 wt % of polymerized residues of an α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid based on the total weight of the ionomer, which is neutralized from about 10% to about 50% with zinc ions, based on the total carboxylic acid content; and c) when said optional second encapsulant layer is present, said first and said second encapsulant layers are laminated to each of said two opposite surfaces of said solar cell layer. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 1, wherein said ionomer comprises from 20 to 23 wt % of polymerized residues of the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid based on the total weight of the ionomer. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 1, wherein said ionomer is about 20% to about 40% neutralized with the zinc ions based on the total carboxylic acid content. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 1, wherein said ionomer has a melt index (MI) of less than about 10 g/10 min at 190° C. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 4, wherein said ionomer has a MI of less than about 5 g/10 min at 190° C. ### Claim 6 (depends on 5) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 5, wherein said ionomer has a MI of less than about 3 g/10 min at 190° C. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 1, wherein at least one surface of said first encapsulant layer is a rough surface. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 7, wherein both surfaces of said first encapsulant layer are rough surfaces. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 1, wherein said first encapsulant layer is laminated to said light-receiving surface of said solar cell layer and said optional second encapsulant layer is present and is laminated to said rear surface of said solar cell layer. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 9, further comprising (iv) an incident layer laminated to said first encapsulant layer and away from said solar cell layer, and (v) a back-sheet laminated to said rear surface of said solar cell layer, or to said optional second encapsulant layer and away from said solar cell layer when the optional second encapsulant layer is present. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 10, wherein said incident layer is made of transparent material. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 11, wherein said transparent material is selected from the group consisting of glass and fluoropolymers. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 12, wherein (1) said ionomer comprises from 20 to 23 wt % of polymerized residues of the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid based on the total weight of the ionomer, (2) said ionomer is about 20% to about 40% neutralized with zinc ions based on the total carboxylic acid content, and (3) said ionomer has a MI of less than about 5 g/10 min at 190° C. ### Claim 14 (depends on 13) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 13 wherein the first encapsulant layer is prepared from a single-layer film of said ionomeric composition. ### Claim 15 (depends on 14) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 14, wherein said an α-olefin is selected from the group consisting of ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, and mixtures thereof, and said α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, monomethyl maleic acid, and mixtures thereof. ### Claim 16 (depends on 14) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 14, wherein said α-olefin is ethylene and said α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. ### Claim 17 (depends on 10) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 10, wherein said back-sheet is made of a sheet or film selected from the group consisting of glass, plastic sheets or films, and metal sheets or films. ### Claim 18 (depends on 1) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 1, wherein said solar cells are selected from the group consisting of multi-crystalline solar cells, thin film-solar cells, compound semiconductor solar cells, and amorphous silicon solar cells. ### Claim 19 (depends on 1) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 1, wherein said optional second encapsulant layer is present and has the same composition as said first encapsulant layer. ### Claim 20 (depends on 1) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 1, wherein said optional second encapsulant layer is present and comprises a film or sheet comprising a composition selected from the group consisting of ionomers, ethylene vinyl acetate, acoustic poly(vinyl acetal), polyvinyl butyral, polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, metallocene-catalyzed linear low density polyethylenes, polyolefin block elastomers, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, acid copolymers, silicone elastomers and epoxy resins. ### Claim 21 (depends on 1) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 1, wherein said optional second encapsulant layer is present and comprises a film or sheet comprising a composition selected from the group consisting of ethylene vinyl acetate and polyvinyl butyral. ### Claim 22 (depends on 1) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 1, wherein (1) said ionomer comprises from greater than 20 wt % to 23 wt % of polymerized residues of the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid based on the total weight of the ionomer, (2) said ionomer is about 20% to about 40% neutralized with the zinc ions based on the total carboxylic acid content, (3) said ionomer has a MI of less than about 3 g/10 min at 190° C., (4) the first encapsulant layer is prepared from a single-layer film of said ionomeric composition, (5) said α-olefin is ethylene, and (6) said α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. ### Claim 23 An assembly for preparing a solar cell module comprising: (i) a first encapsulant layer, (ii) a solar cell layer comprising one or a plurality of electronically interconnected solar cells and having two opposite surfaces, a light-receiving surface and a rear surface, and (iii) an optional second encapsulant layer, wherein: a) said first encapsulant layer has a total thickness of from about 0.1 to about 20 mils; b) said first encapsulant layer comprises at least one surface layer of an ionomeric composition consisting of one ionomer and optionally one or more additives, wherein the ionomer comprises a finite amount of polymerized residues of an α-olefin and from about 20 to about 23 wt % of polymerized residues of an α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid based on the total weight of the ionomer, and is neutralized from about 10% to about 50% with zinc ions, based on the total carboxylic acid content; c) said first encapsulant layer further comprises one or more additional polymeric layers wherein said one or more additional polymeric layers are selected from the group consisting of ethylene vinyl acetate, acoustic poly(vinyl acetal), polyvinyl butyral, polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, polyolefin block elastomers, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, acid copolymers, silicone elastomers, epoxy resins and combinations thereof; and d) when said optional second encapsulant layer is present, said first and said second encapsulant layers are laminated to each of said two opposite surfaces of said solar cell layer. ### Claim 24 (depends on 23) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 23, wherein said ionomer is about 20% to about 40% neutralized with zinc ions based on the total carboxylic acid content. ### Claim 25 An assembly for preparing a solar cell module consisting essentially of, from top to bottom, (i) an incident layer made of transparent material, which is laminated to, (ii) a first encapsulant layer that is laminated to, (iii) a solar cell layer comprising one or a plurality of electronically interconnected solar cells, which is laminated to, (iv) an optional second encapsulant layer that is laminated to, (v) a back-sheet, wherein said first encapsulant layer has a total thickness of from about 0.1 to about 20 mils and is made from an ionomeric composition consists of one ionomer and optionally one or more additives, wherein said ionomer comprises a finite amount of polymerized residues of an α-olefin and from about 20 to about 23 wt % of polymerized residues of an α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid based on the total weight of the ionomer, and is neutralized from about 10% to about 50% with zinc ions, based on the total carboxylic acid content. ### Claim 26 (depends on 25) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 25, wherein said ionomer has a MI of less than about 5 g/10 min at 190° C. ### Claim 27 (depends on 25) The assembly for preparing a solar cell module of claim 25, wherein (1) said ionomer comprises from greater than 20 wt % to 23 wt % of polymerized residues of the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid based on the total weight of the ionomer, (2) said ionomer is about 20% to about 40% neutralized with the zinc ions based on the total carboxylic acid content, (3) said ionomer has a MI of less than about 3 g/10 min at 190° C., (4) the first encapsulant layer is prepared from a single-layer film of said ionomeric composition, (5) said α-olefin is ethylene, and (6) said α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. ### Claim 28 An assembly for preparing a solar cell module comprising: (a) a first encapsulant layer having a total thickness of from about 0.1 to about 20 mils which is a multilayer film having two surface layers of ionomeric composition and one or more additional polymeric layers, wherein: (i) said ionomeric composition consists of one ionomer and optionally one or more additives, wherein said ionomer comprises a finite amount of polymerized residues of an α-olefin and from about 20 to about 23 wt % of polymerized residues of an α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid based on the total weight of the ionomer, and is neutralized from about 10% to about 50% with zinc ions, based on the total carboxylic acid content; and (ii) said one or more additional polymeric layers are selected from the group consisting of ionomers, ethylene vinyl acetate, acoustic poly(vinyl acetal), polyvinyl butyral, polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, polyolefin block elastomers, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, acid copolymers, silicone elastomers, epoxy resins and combinations thereof; (b) a solar cell layer comprising one or a plurality of electronically interconnected solar cells and having two opposite surfaces, a light-receiving surface and a rear surface; and (c) an optional second encapsulant layer, wherein when said optional second encapsulant layer is present, said first and said second encapsulant layers are laminated to each of said two opposite surfaces of said solar cell layer. ### Claim 29 An assembly for preparing a solar cell module comprising: (i) a first encapsulant layer, (ii) a solar cell layer comprising one or a plurality of electronically interconnected solar cells and having two opposite surfaces, a light-receiving surface and a rear surface, and (iii) an optional second encapsulant layer, wherein a) said first encapsulant layer has a total thickness of from about 0.1 to about 20 mils; b) said first encapsulant layer comprises bi-layer film with at least one surface layer derived from an ionomeric composition consisting of one ionomer and optionally one or more additives, wherein said ionomer comprises a finite amount of polymerized residues of an α-olefin and from about 20 to about 23 wt % of polymerized residues of an α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid based on the total weight of the ionomer, and is neutralized from about 10% to about 50% with zinc ions, based on the total carboxylic acid content; and c) said first encapsulant layer further comprises an additional polymeric layer of a polymer selected from the group consisting of ethylene vinyl acetate, acoustic poly(vinyl acetal), polyvinyl butyral, polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, polyolefin block elastomers, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, acid copolymers, silicone elastomers, epoxy resins and combinations thereof; and d) when said optional second encapsulant layer is present, said first and said second encapsulant layers are laminated to each of said two opposite surfaces of said solar cell layer. ### Claim 30 A process of manufacturing a solar cell module comprising: (i) providing an assembly comprising, from top to bottom, an incident layer, a first encapsulant layer, a solar cell layer comprising one or a plurality of electronically interconnected solar cells, an optional second encapsulant layer, and a back-sheet and (ii) laminating the assembly to form the solar cell module, wherein said first encapsulant layer has a total thickness of from about 0.1 to about 20 mils and is made from an ionomeric composition consisting of one ionomer and optionally one or more additives, wherein said ionomer comprises a finite amount of polymerized residues of an α-olefin and from about 20 to about 23 wt % of polymerized residues of an α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid based on the total weight of the ionomer, and is neutralized from about 10% to about 50% with zinc ions, based on the total carboxylic acid content. ### Claim 31 (depends on 30) The process of claim 30, wherein the step (ii) of lamination is conducted by subjecting the assembly to heat. ### Claim 32 (depends on 31) The process of claim 31, wherein the step (ii) of lamination further comprising subjecting the assembly to pressure. ### Claim 33 (depends on 31) The process of claim 31, wherein the step (ii) of lamination further comprising subjecting the assembly to vacuum. ### Claim 34 (depends on 31) The process of claim 31, wherein (1) said ionomer comprises from 20 to 23 wt % of polymerized residues of the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid based on the total weight of the ionomer, (2) said ionomer is about 20% to about 40% neutralized with the zinc ions based on the total carboxylic acid content, (3) said ionomer has a MI of less than about 5 g/10 min at 190° C., (4) said an α-olefin is selected from the group consisting of ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, and mixtures thereof, (5) said α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, monomethyl maleic acid, and mixtures thereof, and (6) the first encapsulant layer is a single-layer film of said ionomer. ### Claim 35 (depends on 34) The process of claim 34, wherein said an α-olefin is ethylene and said α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. ### Claim 36 (depends on 35) The process of claim 35, wherein said optional second encapsulant layer is present and comprises a film or sheet comprising a composition selected from the group consisting of ethylene vinyl acetate and polyvinyl butyral. ### Claim 37 (depends on 35) The process of claim 35, wherein said optional second encapsulant layer is present and has the same composition as said first encapsulant layer. ### Claim 38 (depends on 35) The process of claim 35, wherein said ionomer comprises from greater than 20 wt % to 23 wt % of polymerized residues of the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid based on the total weight of the ionomer.