# US 8,739,634 B2 · Freeze thaw damage resistance testing for cementitious compositions

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- Number: US 8,739,634 B2
- Document ID: US8739634B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 13/017,647
- Filed: 2011-01-31
- Published: 2012-08-02
- Granted: 2014-06-03
- Earliest claimed: 2011-01-31
- Assignees: Construction Research & Technology GmbH
- Applicants: Frank S. Ong; James C. Smith; Eric Castner; Heather See; Paul L. Pridemore
- Inventors: Frank S. Ong; James C. Smith; Eric Castner; Heather See; Paul L. Pridemore
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US8739634B2

## CPC

- G01N 3/60: Investigating resistance of materials, e.g. refractory materials, to rapid heat changes {(thermal testing of structures or apparatus G01M99/002)}
- G01N 33/383: {Concrete or cement}
- G01N: INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (measuring or testing apparatus or processes other than immunoassay, involving enzymes or microorganisms C12M, C12Q)

## Abstract

An apparatus and method for predicting freeze-thaw durability of a cementitious composition specimen including cycling the specimen below and above the freezing point of water contained in the specimen and identifying the contraction and/or expansion of the specimen during the cycling.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A method for predicting freeze-thaw durability of a cementitious composition specimen comprising:
a) providing a cured specimen;
b) contacting the specimen with a microstrain gauge sensor capable of detecting specimen size changes;
c) soaking the specimen in water;
d) preventing moisture loss from the specimen during temperature cycling;
e) equilibrating the specimen in a test chamber at an initial temperature above the freezing point of water;
f) conducting temperature cycling by:
i) cooling the test chamber interior containing the specimen from the initial temperature to a temperature below the freezing point of water contained in specimen micropores;
ii) holding temporarily the test chamber interior at the lowest temperature achieved by said cooling;
iii) warming the test chamber interior to a temperature above the freezing point of water;
iv) holding temporarily the test chamber interior at the highest temperature achieved by said warming;
g) optionally repeating said temperature cycling;
h) capturing information from the microstrain gauge sensor during the temperature cycling to identify microstrain experienced by the specimen as a function of at least one of test chamber interior temperature or specimen temperature; and,
j) converting said sensor information to specimen microstrain data in at least one of a machine readable or operator readable format representing specimen contraction or expansion.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the specimen is moist-cured at a temperature above freezing for at least 14 days prior to testing.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein the specimen is soaked in water for at least 6 hours, optionally 18-24 hours, prior to testing.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the specimen is sealed in a container to prevent moisture loss.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the specimen is equilibrated at a temperature of at least about 10° C. before said conducting temperature cycling.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein said conducting temperature cycling comprises cooling the test chamber interior to at least about minus 30° C. at a rate of about 0.1° C. to about 1° C. per minute, optionally at 0.5° C. per minute, holding the test chamber interior at the lowest temperature achieved by said cooling for a time sufficient for specimen temperature to equilibrate to the test chamber interior temperature, warming the test chamber interior to at least about 10° C. at a rate of about 0.1° C. to about 1° C. per minute, optionally at 0.5° C. per minute, and holding the test chamber interior at the highest temperature achieved by said warming for a time sufficient for the specimen temperature to equilibrate to the test chamber interior temperature.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, further comprising recording the specimen microstrain data as a function of at least one of test chamber interior temperature or specimen temperature, and optionally as a function of time.

### Claim 8 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, further comprising graphing the specimen microstrain data as a function of at least one of the test chamber interior temperature or specimen temperature to determine if the specimen expands or contracts during cooling below onset of water freezing in the specimen.

### Claim 9 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring and optionally recording the temperature of the test chamber interior and of the specimen.

### Claim 10 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein multiple specimens are subjected to the method contemporaneously.

### Claim 11

A freeze-thaw test system comprising:
a test chamber for housing at least one cementitious composition specimen;
a strain gauge sensor attached to each at least one respective specimen;
a temperature sensor disposed within the test chamber and a second temperature sensor disposed within at least one specimen;
data acquisition means in communication with each of the strain gauge sensors and temperature sensors; and
a processor for process control and data processing or storage, operatively connected to the data acquisition means.

### Claim 12 (depends on 11)

The test system of claim 11, wherein the test chamber is adapted to cycle from a temperature above the freezing point of water, optionally about 10° C., to a temperature below the freezing point of water contained in at least one specimen micropores, optionally at least about minus 30° C.

### Claim 13 (depends on 12)

The test system of claim 12, wherein the strain gauge sensor is a foil strain gauge sensor capable of attachment to the at least one specimen to measure the amount of strain that is placed on the specimen by the cycling of the temperature in the test chamber.

### Claim 14 (depends on 11)

The test system of claim 11, wherein the data acquisition means is capable of acquiring data at a rate of one sampling of the at least one specimen every 1 second to 30 minutes, optionally every 10 to 60 seconds.

### Claim 15 (depends on 11)

The test system of claim 11, capable of converting raw voltage values from the strain gauge sensors to units of strain.

### Claim 16 (depends on 11)

The test system of claim 11, capable of testing the at least one specimen that is sealed in a container to prevent moisture loss.

### Claim 17 (depends on 11)

The test system of claim 11, further comprising storage for data files containing information related to microstrain data of the at least one specimen as a function of at least one of test chamber interior temperature or specimen temperature, and optionally as a function of time.

### Claim 18 (depends on 17)

The test system of claim 17, further comprising a display capable of displaying a graph of the specimen microstrain data as a function of at least one of test chamber interior temperature or specimen temperature to determine if the specimen expands or contracts during cooling below onset of water freezing in the specimen.