Functionalized main chain polymers

A non crosslinked, covalently cross-linked and/or ionically cross-linked polymer, having repeating units of the general formula (1)

• —K—R— (1)
• in which K is a bond, oxygen, sulfur,
• and the radical R is a divalent radical of an aromatic or heteroaromatic compound, comprising:
• a) at least in part substituents of the general formulae (4J), (4K), (4L) (4M), (4N), (4O), (4P), (4Q), or (4R)
• where the radicals R1 is a bond or a group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, including a branched or unbranched alkyl or cycloalkyl group or an alkylated aryl group, M is hydrogen, a metal cation, selected from the group consisting of Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, TiO2+, ZrO2+, and an alkylated ammonium ion, and X is a halogen or an alkylated amino group;
• or
• b) at least in part substituents of the general formulae (5E) and/or (5F)
• in which R2, R3, R4 and R5 independently of one another are hydrogen (except for R2), a group having from 1 to 40 carbon atoms, including a branched or unbranched alkyl or cycloalkyl group or an alkylated aryl group.