Array element circuit and active matrix device

An active-matrix device, comprising:

• a plurality of array element circuits arranged in rows and columns;
• a plurality of source addressing lines each shared between the array element circuits in corresponding same columns;
• a plurality of gate addressing lines each shared between the array element circuits in corresponding same rows;
• and
• a plurality of sensor row select lines each shared between the array element circuits in corresponding same rows,
• wherein each of the plurality of array element circuits comprises:
• an array element which is controlled by application of a drive voltage by a drive element;
• writing circuitry for writing the drive voltage to the drive element, the writing circuitry being coupled to a corresponding source addressing line and gate addressing line among the plurality of source addressing lines and gate addressing lines;
• and
• sense circuitry for sensing an impedance presented at the drive element, the sense circuitry being coupled to a corresponding sensor row select line, and
• wherein:
• the array elements are hydrophobic cells having a surface of which the hydrophobicity is controlled by the application of the drive voltage by a corresponding drive element, and the sense circuitry senses the impedance presented at the drive element by the hydrophobic cell,
• and for each of the plurality of array element circuits, the writing circuitry writes the drive voltage to the drive element independently of the sense circuitry sensing the impedance at the drive element.