Methods of preparing photovoltaic modules

A method, comprising:

• forming a first multilayer device on a transparent substrate, the first multilayer device comprising a first electrically conductive layer and a photo active layer,
• the first electrically conductive layer being between the photo active layer and the substrate;
• and
• after forming the first multilayer device, treating the first electrically conductive layer to form a plurality of discrete electrodes by forming a plurality of cavities so that each discrete electrode is separated from another discrete electrode by a cavity, thereby converting the first multilayer device into a first photovoltaic cell.