# US 8,571,512 B2 · Implementing a passive rotating harmonic rejection mixer (RHRM) for a TV tuner in an integrated circuit > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 8,571,512 B2 - Document ID: US8571512B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 13/343,828 - Filed: 2012-01-05 - Published: 2013-07-11 - Granted: 2013-10-29 - Earliest claimed: 2012-01-05 - Assignees: Silicon Laboratories Inc. - Applicants: Aslamali A. Rafi - Inventors: Aslamali A. Rafi - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US8571512B2 ## CPC - H03D 7/12: by means of semiconductor devices having more than two electrodes (H03D7/14 - H03D7/22 take precedence) - H03D 7/165: {at least two frequency changers being located in different paths, e.g. in two paths with carriers in quadrature (combined with amplitude demodulation H03D1/2245, combined with angle demodulation H03D3/007; N-path filters H03H19/002)} - H03D 2200/0086: Reduction or prevention of harmonic frequencies - H03D: DEMODULATION OR TRANSFERENCE OF MODULATION FROM ONE CARRIER TO ANOTHER (masers, lasers H01S; circuits capable of acting both as modulator and demodulator H03C; details applicable to both modulators and frequency-changers H03C; demodulating pulses H03K9/00; transforming types of pulse modulation H03K11/00; coding, decoding or code conversion, in general H03M; repeater stations H04B7/14; demodulators adapted for AC systems of digital information transmission H04L27/00; synchronous demodulators adapted for colour television H04N9/66) ## Abstract In one embodiment, a passive rotating harmonic rejection mixer (RHRM) is provided that can directly couple to an antenna to receive an incoming radio frequency (RF) signal. This RHRM can have a master RF device to receive the signal and provide first and second RF currents, a master LO device coupled to an output of the master RF device to receive the RF currents and mix them with a master clock signal of multiple polarities to obtain a mixed signal pair. The RHRM may further include a rotating switch coupled to the master LO device to cyclically switch the mixed signal pair to one of multiple virtual ground nodes at an output of the rotating switch, and operational amplifiers each having a first input terminal coupled to one of the virtual ground nodes and having a feedback filter coupled thereto. ## Claims ### Claim 1 An apparatus comprising: a master radio frequency (RF) device to receive an incoming RF signal and provide an RF current, the master RF device having a first transconductor to receive the incoming RF signal and coupled to a reference potential node and a second transconductor to receive the incoming RF signal and coupled to a supply voltage node; a master local oscillator (LO) device coupled to an output of the master RF device, the master LO device to receive the RF current and mix the RF current with a master clock signal to obtain a mixed signal pair, the master LO device including a first differential pair coupled to the first transconductor and a second differential pair coupled to the second transconductor; a rotating switch stage coupled to the master LO device to cyclically switch the mixed signal pair to one of a plurality of output ports of the rotating switch stage, the rotating switch stage including a plurality of switching pairs each to receive one of the mixed signal pair; a plurality of mixer loads each coupled to one of the plurality of output ports, each of the plurality of mixer loads to perform gaining and filtering of the mixed signal pair, each of the plurality of mixer loads including an operational amplifier having a first input terminal coupled to a corresponding output port and a second input terminal to couple to a reference potential; and a plurality of resistors each coupled to one of the plurality of mixer loads to weight the output of the corresponding mixer load and to provide an output to a summer. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second transconductors are to be gated by the incoming RF signal and to pass the RF current to the master LO device. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first differential pair is of a first polarity of metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) and the second differential pair is of a second polarity of MOSFET, wherein an output terminal of one of the first differential pair and an output terminal of one of the second differential pair are coupled to provide a first one of the mixed signal pair, and an output terminal of a second one of the first differential pair and an output terminal of a second one of the second differential pair are coupled to provide a second one of the mixed signal pair. ### Claim 4 (depends on 3) The apparatus of claim 3, wherein each of the switching pairs comprises a first transistor to receive the first one of the mixed signal pair and to output the first one of the mixed signal pair when the first transistor is enabled by a first control signal and a second transistor to receive the second one of the mixed signal pair and to output the second one of the mixed signal pair when the second transistor is enabled by a second control signal, wherein a value of the first and second control signals is changed when a value of the master clock signal of a first polarity is at a low state. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a capacitance coupled to the first input terminal of each of the operational amplifiers of the plurality of mixer loads at a virtual ground node. ### Claim 6 (depends on 5) The apparatus of claim 5, further comprising a filter coupled in a feedback loop between an output and the first input terminal of each of the operational amplifiers of the plurality of mixer loads. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the filter comprises a capacitor coupled in parallel with a resistor, wherein no DC current flows through the filter. ### Claim 8 An apparatus comprising: a master radio frequency (RF) device to receive an incoming single-ended RF signal and provide first and second RF currents; a master local oscillator (LO) device coupled to an output of the master RF device, the master LO device to receive the first and second RF currents and mix each of the first and second RF currents with a master clock signal of a first polarity and a second polarity to obtain a mixed signal pair; a rotating switch coupled to the master LO device to cyclically switch the mixed signal pair to one of a plurality of virtual ground nodes at an output of the rotating switch; a plurality of operational amplifiers each having a first input terminal coupled to one of the plurality of virtual ground nodes, each of the plurality of operational amplifiers having a feedback filter coupled thereto; and a plurality of gain stages each coupled to one of the plurality of operational amplifiers to weight the output of the corresponding operational amplifiers. ### Claim 9 (depends on 8) The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising a summer coupled to the plurality of gain stages to sum an output of each of the gain stages. ### Claim 10 (depends on 8) The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the master RF device comprises first and second transconductors to be gated by the incoming RF signal and to pass the first and second RF currents to the master LO device. ### Claim 11 (depends on 8) The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the rotating switch is a passive switch. ### Claim 12 (depends on 8) The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the apparatus comprises a passive rotating harmonic rejection mixer (RHRM). ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the passive RHRM is coupled to receive the incoming single-ended RF signal directly from an antenna. ### Claim 14 (depends on 8) The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the feedback filter coupled to each of the operational amplifiers comprises a resistor and a capacitor coupled in parallel between an output of the corresponding operational amplifier and the first input terminal of the corresponding operational amplifier. ### Claim 15 A system comprising: an antenna to receive a radio frequency (RF) signal; a passive rotating harmonic rejection mixer (RHRM) coupled directly to the antenna to receive and downconvert the RF signal to a second frequency signal, the passive RHRM comprising: a transconductor stage to receive the RF signal and convert the RF signal to an RF current pair; a mixing stage to downconvert the RF current pair to a second frequency current pair; a passive switch stage to receive the second frequency current pair and to cyclically rotate the second frequency current pair to a plurality of virtual ground nodes; and a load stage having a plurality of operational amplifiers each coupled to a corresponding one of the virtual ground nodes; second frequency circuitry to receive and process the second frequency signal; and a demodulator coupled to the second frequency circuitry to demodulate the processed second frequency signal to obtain a demodulated signal. ### Claim 16 (depends on 15) The system of claim 15, further comprising a pair of capacitances coupled to the antenna to AC couple the RF signal to the passive RHRM. ### Claim 17 (depends on 15) The system of claim 15, further comprising a first inductor coupled between a reference voltage node and a first input terminal of the transconductor stage and a second inductor coupled between a supply voltage node and a second input terminal of the transconductor stage. ### Claim 18 (depends on 15) The system of claim 15, wherein the mixing stage comprises a master local oscillator (LO) device to receive the RF current pair and mix the RF current pair with a master clock signal to obtain the second frequency current pair, the master LO device including first and second differential pairs coupled to the transconductor stage. ### Claim 19 (depends on 18) The system of claim 18, wherein the passive switch stage comprises a first transistor to receive a first one of the second frequency current pair and to output the first one of the second frequency current pair when the first transistor is enabled by a first gating signal and a second transistor to receive a second one of the second frequency current pair and to output the second one of the second frequency current pair when the second transistor is enabled by a second gating signal, wherein a value of the first and second gating signals is changed when a value of the master clock signal is at a low state. ### Claim 20 (depends on 19) The system of claim 19, wherein the load stage further comprises a filter coupled in a feedback loop between an output and an input of each of the operational amplifiers, the filter comprising a capacitor coupled in parallel with a resistor, wherein no DC current flows through the filter. ### Claim 21 (depends on 15) The system of claim 15, wherein the passive RHRM is coupled directly to the antenna without a low noise amplifier, a balun or a tracking filter.