Organic electroluminescent device

An organic electroluminescent device comprising:

• a substrate;
• a lower electrode on the substrate;
• a light emitting unit having at least (a) an organic light emitting layer, and (b) an electron injection layer comprising an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal, the light emitting unit being on the lower electrode;
• a connection layer on and contacting the electron injection layer, the connection layer configured to generate an electron-hole pair;
• a charge transport layer on the connection layer;
• a charge injection layer between the connection layer and the charge transport layer;
• and
• a light transmissive upper electrode formed on the charge transport layer,
• wherein,
• the charge transport layer has charge transporting properties of a conducting type opposite that of against a charge to be injected from the upper electrode, and
• the connection layer and the charge transport layer are stacked in this order from a side of the light emitting unit between the light emitting unit and the upper electrode, and
• a charge generated in the connection layer and injected into a side of the light emitting unit is the same conducting type as the charge injected into the upper electrode, and
• a charge generated within the connection layer and injected into the charge injection layer is a different conduction type than the charge injected into the upper electrode.