# US 8,542,720 B2 · Detection of outbound message signals in a power line two-way communications system

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- Number: US 8,542,720 B2
- Document ID: US8542720B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 12/596,987
- Filed: 2008-04-18
- Published: 2010-05-20
- Granted: 2013-09-24
- Earliest claimed: 2007-04-24
- Assignees: Aclara Power-Line Systems Inc.
- Applicants: Quentin H. Spencer; John B. Hessling, Jr.; Benjamin A. Hammond; Dennis L. Kelley; David W. Rieken; William J. Davis; Michael R. Walker, II
- Inventors: Quentin H. Spencer; John B. Hessling, Jr.; Benjamin A. Hammond; Dennis L. Kelley; David W. Rieken; William J. Davis; Michael R. Walker, II
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US8542720B2

## CPC

- H04L 7/042: {Detectors therefor, e.g. correlators, state machines (digital correlators in general G06F17/15)}
- H04B 3/542: {the information being in digital form}
- H04L: TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION (arrangements common to telegraphic and telephonic communication H04M)
- H04B: TRANSMISSION

## Abstract

Improvements in the detection of TWACS outbound message signals. A first improvement involves matching some (or all) of the intermediate points in an outbound preamble occurring between bits of the preamble currently being detected. This reduces the possibility of a false synchronization and therefore decreases the probability of missing outbound message signals. A second improvement is to require some or all of the known preamble bits to exceed a predetermined threshold where both the thresh-old and which bits are adjustable. An additional approach is using 4-8 additional buffers in a transponder to detect preamble patterns in the outbound message. Each half cycle of the outbound message waveform requires entering a bit only into the buffers active for the particular frame of reference in which the message is being transmitted, since only buffers for that frame of reference are employed. The process continues until all bits specified to be sent, based on the length of the outbound message, are extracted. A CRC is then performed for the message. Using this method eliminates the problem of inbound messages being detected as outbound messages, and the resulting “blindness” of the transponder. It further makes the transponders less sensitive to noise which currently causes the transponder to detect a preamble when there is none, resulting in a valid outbound message being missed.

## Claims

### Claim 1

In a two-way automatic communications system used by an electrical utility in which outbound messages are sent from the utility to an end device and inbound reply messages are sent from the end device back to the utility, the respective outbound and inbound messages being sent and received over the utility's power distribution system, a method for enabling a transponder to distinguish an outbound message from an inbound message of the outbound and inbound messages transmitted elsewhere on the two-way automatic communications system, comprising:
detecting a plurality of bits forming a preamble of the outbound message and extracting the plurality of bits, said detecting including detecting intermediate values included in a sequence of the plurality of bits in the preamble;
computing a ratio of signal strength for bit locations in the preamble where one bit value is expected to the signal strength for bit locations in the preamble where another bit value is expected; and,
accepting the plurality of bits as a valid preamble for the outbound message if the computed ratio exceeds a predetermined value.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 in which the outbound message is imposed on an AC waveform and characteristics of the AC waveform are removed from the plurality of bits by subtracting data collected in one processing cycle from that collected in an earlier cycle.

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The method of claim 2 further including checking the plurality of bits extracted from the outbound message to determine if a predetermined threshold of signal strength is exceeded.

### Claim 4 (depends on 3)

The method of claim 3 further in which only a predetermined set of the plurality of bits are required to exceed the predetermined threshold of signal strength.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 in which the ratio R of the signal strength of the bits with one value compared to the signal strength of the bits with the other value is defined as:
R
=
∑
i
∈
Z
⁢
⁢
d
i
∑
i
∈
N
⁢
⁢
d
i
where Z comprises a set of bit locations in the preamble where the bits of the one value occur, N comprises a set of bit locations in the preamble where the bits of the other value occur, and di is a received signal strength at an index i; if the ratio does not exceed a predetermined threshold value, the plurality of bits are rejected as not a valid outbound message preamble.

### Claim 6 (depends on 5)

The method of claim 5 in which the plurality of bits have a value of 0 or 1 and the ratio R is the ratio of zero bits to non-zero bit for the plurality of bits in the preamble.

### Claim 7 (depends on 5)

The method of claim 5 in which a range of values for the ratio is 0.6 to 1.0.

### Claim 8 (depends on 2)

The method of claim 2 in which an average signal amplitude for the plurality of bits is computed for a plurality of possible points of synchronization and the ratio is determined using the average signal amplitude.

### Claim 9 (depends on 8)

The method of claim 8 in which the average signal amplitude is computed using a recursive filter.

### Claim 10 (depends on 8)

The method of claim 8 in which the average signal amplitude is computed for each of four possible synchronization points and the ratio R of the signal strength of the bits is defined as
R
=
y
n
,
j
y
n
,
k
+
y
n
,
l
where yn,j, yn,k, and yn,l are the average signal amplitudes for various synchronization points of the plurality of possible points of synchronization on the waveform,
where i,n,k,l are integers.

### Claim 11 (depends on 10)

The method of claim 10 in which the averages signal amplitudes of the four possible synchronization points are unweighted averages, created using finite impulse response (FIR) filters.

### Claim 12 (depends on 10)

The method of claim 10 in which the averages signal amplitudes of the four possible synchronization points are recursive averages, created using infinite impulse response (IIR) filters.

### Claim 13 (depends on 9)

The method of claim 9 in which an averaging function for computing the averages signal amplitudes of the four possible synchronization points is defined as:
yn=xn+αyn−1
where α is an averaging constant xn is an input of the recursive filter yn−1 as a previous average signal amplitude and yn is a current average signal amplitude.

### Claim 14

In a two-way automatic communications system used by an electrical utility in which outbound messages are sent from the utility to a consumer and inbound reply messages are sent from the consumer back to the utility, the respective outbound and inbound messages being sent and received over the utility's power distribution system, a method for enabling a transponder to distinguish an outbound message from an inbound message of the outbound and inbound messages transmitted elsewhere on the two-way automatic communications system, comprising:
detecting a plurality of bits forming a preamble of the outbound message and
extracting the plurality of bits, said detecting including detecting intermediate values included in a sequence of plurality of bits in the preamble;
computing a ratio of signal strength for bit locations in the preamble where a “0” bit is expected to the signal strength for bit locations in the preamble where a “1” bit is expected; and,
accepting the sequence of plurality of bits as the preamble for the outbound message if:
a) all of the “1” bits in the preamble are of a correct sign;
b) the value of all the sequence of bits fall into a correct range of values for bit strength; and,
c) a ratio
R
=
∑
i
∈
Z
⁢
⁢
d
i
/
∑
i
∈
N
⁢
⁢
d
i
⁢
exceeds a predetermined threshold value
wherein Z comprises a set of bit locations in the preamble where the signal amplitude is expected to be near zero, N comprises a set of bit locations in the preamble where the signal amplitude is expected to be non-zero, and di an absolute value of the received signal at an index i, wherein i is an integer.