# US 8,541,999 B2 · Controlling power loss in a switched-capacitor power converter > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 8,541,999 B2 - Document ID: US8541999B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 12/783,728 - Filed: 2010-05-20 - Published: 2011-02-10 - Granted: 2013-09-24 - Earliest claimed: 2009-08-05 - Assignees: Apple Inc. - Applicants: William C. Athas; Thomas C. Greening - Inventors: William C. Athas; Thomas C. Greening - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US8541999B2 ## CPC - H02M 3/07: using capacitors charged and discharged alternately by semiconductor devices with control electrode {, e.g. charge pumps} - H02M 1/0048: {Circuits or arrangements for reducing losses (using snubbers H02M1/34)} - Y02B 70/10: Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes - H02M: APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF (transformers H01F; dynamo-electric converters H02K47/00; controlling transformers, reactors or choke coils, control or regulation of electric motors, generators or dynamo-electric converters H02P) - Y02B: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS ## Abstract The disclosed embodiments relate to a system that implements a switched-capacitor power converter which is configured to actively control power loss while converting an input voltage to an output voltage. This system includes one or more switched-capacitor blocks (SCBs), wherein each SCB includes a first capacitor and a set of switching devices configured to couple a constant-potential terminal and a time-varying-potential terminal of the first capacitor between the input voltage, the output voltage and a reference voltage. The system also includes a clocking circuit which produces gate drive signals for switching transistors in the one or more SCBs. The system additionally includes a controller configured to actively control the gate drive signals from the clocking circuit to substantially minimize the power loss for the switched-capacitor power converter. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method for actively controlling a power loss in a switched-capacitor power converter, the method comprising: operating the switched-capacitor power converter, wherein the switched-capacitor power converter includes one or more switched-capacitor blocks (SCBs) and a clocking circuit which produces gate drive signals for switching transistors in the one or more SCBs; and while the switched-capacitor power converter is operating, actively controlling the gate drive signals from the clocking circuit to substantially minimize the power loss for the switched-capacitor power converter; wherein actively controlling the gate drive signals involves controlling a voltage of the gate drive signals; and wherein controlling the voltage of the gate drive signals involves, measuring a power loss for the switched-capacitor power converter, and using the measured power loss as an input to a control system which controls the voltage of the gate drive signals to substantially minimize the power loss for the switched-capacitor power converter. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more SCBs include multiple SCBs; and wherein actively controlling the gate drive signals also involves controlling how many SCBs the gate drive signals are driving, wherein increasing the number of SCBs decreases conduction losses in the SCBs but increases switching losses in the one or more SCBs and the clocking circuit, and wherein decreasing the number of SCBs decreases switching losses in the one or more SCBs and the clocking circuit but increases conduction losses in the SCBs. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein controlling the voltage of the gate drive signals involves: determining a voltage for the gate drive signals as a function of an input voltage and an output current for the switched-capacitor power converter, wherein the function uses predetermined parameters; and using the determined voltage to produce the gate drive signals. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the control system uses a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control technique to control the voltage of the gate drive signals. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein controlling the voltage of the gate drive signals involves: performing power measurements to produce one or more measured components of the power loss; using a parameterization model to calculate one or more parameterized components of the power loss based on one or more measured inputs and one or more parameters; estimating the power loss for the switched-capacitor power converter based on the measured components and the parameterized components; and using the estimated power loss as an input to a control system which controls the voltage of the gate drive signals to substantially minimize the power loss for the switched-capacitor power converter. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the clocking circuit is a resonant oscillator circuit which includes at least one inductance and at least one capacitance. ### Claim 7 A method for actively controlling a power loss in a switched-capacitor power converter, the method comprising: operating the switched-capacitor power converter, wherein the switched-capacitor power converter includes one or more switched-capacitor blocks (SCBs) and a clocking circuit which produces gate drive signals for switching transistors in the one or more SCBs; and while the switched-capacitor power converter is operating, actively controlling the gate drive signals from the clocking circuit to substantially minimize the power loss for the switched-capacitor power converter; wherein actively controlling the gate drive signals involves using one or more tapped inductors in the clocking circuit to a frequency of the gate drive signals. ### Claim 8 A switched-capacitor power converter configured to actively control a power loss involved in converting an input voltage to an output voltage, comprising: one or more switched-capacitor blocks (SCBs), wherein each SCB includes a first capacitor and a set of switching devices configured to couple a constant-potential terminal and a time-varying-potential terminal of the first capacitor between the input voltage, the output voltage and a reference voltage; a clocking circuit which produces gate drive signals for switching transistors in the one or more SCBs; and a controller configured to actively control the gate drive signals from the clocking circuit to substantially minimize the power loss for the switched-capacitor power converter; wherein the controller is configured to actively control the gate drive signals by controlling a voltage of the gate drive signals; wherein while controlling the voltage of the gate drive signals, the controller is configured to, measure a power loss for the switched-capacitor power converter, and use the measured power loss as an input to a control system which controls the voltage of the gate drive signals to substantially minimize the power loss for the switched-capacitor power converter. ### Claim 9 (depends on 8) The switched-capacitor power converter of claim 8, wherein the one or more SCBs include multiple SCBs; and wherein the controller is configured to actively control the gate drive signals by also controlling how many SCBs the gate drive signals are driving, wherein increasing the number of SCBs decreases conduction losses in the SCBs but increases switching losses in the one or more SCBs and the clocking circuit, and wherein decreasing the number of SCBs decreases switching losses in the one or more SCBs and the clocking circuit but increases conduction losses in the SCBs. ### Claim 10 (depends on 8) The switched-capacitor power converter of claim 8, wherein while controlling the voltage of the gate drive signals, the controller is configured to: determine a voltage for the gate drive signals as a function of an input voltage and an output current for the switched-capacitor power converter, wherein the function uses predetermined parameters; and use the determined voltage to produce the gate drive signals. ### Claim 11 (depends on 8) The switched-capacitor power converter of claim 8, wherein the control system uses a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control technique to control the voltage of the gate drive signals. ### Claim 12 (depends on 8) The switched-capacitor power converter of claim 8, wherein while controlling the voltage of the gate drive signals, the controller is configured to: perform power measurements to produce one or more measured components of the power loss; use a parameterization model to calculate one or more parameterized components of the power loss based on one or more measured inputs and one or more parameters; estimate the power loss for the switched-capacitor power converter based on the measured components and the parameterized components; and use the estimated power loss as an input to a control system which controls the voltage of the gate drive signals to substantially minimize the power loss for the switched-capacitor power converter. ### Claim 13 (depends on 8) The switched-capacitor power converter of claim 8, wherein the clocking circuit is a resonant oscillator circuit which includes at least one inductance and at least one capacitance. ### Claim 14 A switched-capacitor power converter configured to actively control a power loss involved in converting an input voltage to an output voltage, comprising: one or more switched-capacitor blocks (SCBs), wherein each SCB includes a first capacitor and a set of switching devices configured to couple a constant-potential terminal and a time-varying-potential terminal of the first capacitor between the input voltage, the output voltage and a reference voltage; a clocking circuit which produces gate drive signals for switching transistors in the one or more SCBs; and a controller configured to actively control the gate drive signals from the clocking circuit to substantially minimize the power loss for the switched-capacitor power converter; wherein the controller is configured to actively control the gate drive signals by using one or more tapped inductors in the clocking circuit to control a frequency of the gate drive signals, wherein increasing the frequency of the gate drive signals decreases conduction losses in the one or more SCBs but increases switching losses in the one or more SCBs and the clocking circuit, and wherein decreasing the frequency of the gate drive signals decreases switching losses in the one or more SCBs and the clocking circuit but increases conduction losses in the one or more SCBs. ### Claim 15 A power supply, comprising: a battery that provides an input voltage; an output that provides an output voltage; and a switched-capacitor power converter configured to actively control a power loss while converting the input voltage to the output voltage, wherein the switched-capacitor power converter comprises, one or more switched-capacitor blocks (SCBs), wherein each SCB includes a first capacitor and a set of switching devices configured to couple a constant-potential terminal and a time-varying-potential terminal of the first capacitor between the input voltage, the output voltage and a reference voltage; a clocking circuit which produces gate drive signals for switching transistors in the one or more SCBs; and a controller configured to actively control the gate drive signals from the clocking circuit to substantially minimize the power loss for the switched-capacitor power converter; wherein the controller is configured to actively control the gate drive signals by controlling a voltage of the gate drive signals; and wherein while controlling the voltage of the gate drive signals, the controller is configured to, measure a power loss for the switched-capacitor power converter, and use the measured power loss as an input to a control system which controls the voltage of the gate drive signals to substantially minimize the power loss for the switched-capacitor power converter. ### Claim 16 (depends on 15) The power supply of claim 15, wherein the one or more SCBs include multiple SCBs; and wherein the controller is also configured to actively control the gate drive signals by controlling how many SCBs the gate drive signals are driving.