# US 8,540,020 B2 · Converting organic matter from a subterranean formation into producible hydrocarbons by controlling production operations based on availability of one or more production resources > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 8,540,020 B2 - Document ID: US8540020B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 12/764,624 - Filed: 2010-04-21 - Published: 2010-11-11 - Granted: 2013-09-24 - Earliest claimed: 2009-05-05 - Assignees: ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company - Applicants: Matthew T. Stone; Ganesh Ghurye; Matthew T Shanley; Peter Rasmussen; Xianghui Huang; Robert D. Kaminsky - Inventors: Matthew T. Stone; Ganesh Ghurye; Matthew T Shanley; Peter Rasmussen; Xianghui Huang; Robert D. Kaminsky - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US8540020B2 ## CPC - E21B 43/2401: {by means of electricity} - E21B 43/2405: {in association with fracturing or crevice forming processes (E21B43/247 takes precedence)} - E21B 43/247: in association with fracturing processes {or crevice forming processes} - E21B: EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS ## Abstract One or more methods, systems and computer readable mediums are utilized to provide treatment of a subterranean formation that contains solid organic matter, such as oil shale, tar sands, and/or coal formation. The treatment of the formation includes heating a treatment interval within the subterranean formation with one or more electrical in situ heaters. Available power, or other production resources, for the electrical heaters are determined at regular, predetermined intervals. Heating rates of the one or more electrical heaters are selectively controlled based on the determined available power at each regular, predetermined interval and based on an optimization model that outputs optimal heating rates for each of the electrical heaters at the determined available power. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method of treating a subterranean formation that contains solid organic matter, said method comprising: (a) heating a treatment interval within the subterranean formation with one or more electrical in situ heaters; (b) determining available power for the one or more electrical in situ heaters at regular, predetermined intervals; and (c) selectively controlling heating rates of the one or more electrical in situ heaters based on the determined available power at each regular, predetermined interval and based on an optimization model that outputs optimal heating rates for each of the electrical heaters at the determined available power. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1 further comprising running an optimization model to determine optimal heating rates for the one or more electrical heaters based on a first power input. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) The method of claim 2, wherein running the optimization model is done prior to determining available power from a power source. ### Claim 4 (depends on 3) The method of claim 3, wherein the selectively controlled heating rates are selected from a library of optimal solutions predetermined by running the optimization model based on a plurality of different, available power values from the power source. ### Claim 5 (depends on 2) The method of claim 2, wherein running the optimization model comprises determining optimal heating rates for each electrical heater and a plurality of power inputs within a range of between 10 MW to 600 MW. ### Claim 6 (depends on 5) The method of claim 5, wherein the electrical heaters are resistive heaters. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) The method of claim 6, wherein the power factor for each resistive heater is between 0.7 to 1.0, the power is three-phase AC power, each heater is operatively connected through a transformer to a power distribution sub-station servicing the treatment interval. ### Claim 8 (depends on 6) The method of claim 6, wherein the electrical heaters are wellbore heaters. ### Claim 9 (depends on 6) The method of claim 6, wherein the electrical heaters comprise one or more electrically conductive fractures. ### Claim 10 (depends on 2) The method of claim 2, wherein running the optimization model is done after determining available power from a power source, the power source comprising one or more power sources providing electrical power through a utility grid. ### Claim 11 (depends on 2) The method of claim 2, wherein running the optimization model comprises determining optimal heating rates for each electrical heater and a plurality of power inputs within a range of between 0 MW to 1000 MW. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) The method of claim 11, wherein the received data comprises one or more of predicted solar power, available wind power, and/or utility rates. ### Claim 13 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising: running an optimization model to determine optimal heating rates based on a first power input to the treatment interval; and obtaining a prediction of projected intermittent energy over an upcoming period, wherein the upcoming period is selected from a group of upcoming time periods consisting of 4 hour, 8 hour, 12 hour, 24 hour, 48 hour, and 72 hour or more time periods and the optimization model is ran to produce a library of optimal solutions based on the prediction of projected intermittent energy over the upcoming period. ### Claim 14 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein determining available power for the electrical heaters at regular, predetermined intervals includes receiving data from a utility grid indicating one or more of available power from the grid, source of the available power, and/or utility rates associated with the available power from the grid. ### Claim 15 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein determining available power for the electrical heaters includes determining available wind power in a particular geographic region. ### Claim 16 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein determining available power for the electrical heaters includes receiving data relating to one or more wind farms and their available power. ### Claim 17 (depends on 16) The method of claim 16, wherein the received data comprises one or more of predicted wind speed, actual real-time wind speed, available wind power, and/or utility rates, and the selectively controlled heating rates are controlled based upon one or more of wind speed, actual real-time wind speed, available wind power, or utility rates from the received data. ### Claim 18 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein determining available power for the electrical heaters includes determining available solar power in a particular geographic region. ### Claim 19 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein determining available power for the electrical heaters includes receiving data relating to one or more solar power generation facilities and their available power. ### Claim 20 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein selectively controlling heating rates of the one or more electrical heaters based on the determined available power includes switching one or more electrical heaters to a heating or non-heating condition based on the determined available power and based on an optimal solution from the optimization model. ### Claim 21 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein selectively controlling heating rates of the one or more electrical heaters includes load shedding heaters in response to drops in determined available power. ### Claim 22 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein selectively controlling heating rates of the one or more electrical heaters includes selectively altering voltage allocated to each of the one or more heaters based on the determined available power. ### Claim 23 (depends on 22) The method of claim 22, wherein selectively altering voltage includes designating a tap for a multi-tap transformer allocated to an individual heater or group of heaters based on determined, available power. ### Claim 24 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the subterranean formation comprises an oil shale formation, a tar sands formation, a coal formation, and/or a conventional hydrocarbon formation. ### Claim 25 A method of treating a subterranean formation that contains solid organic matter, said method comprising: (a) heating a treatment interval within the subterranean formation with one or more in situ heating processes; (b) determining one or more available resources for the treatment of the subterranean formation; and (c) selectively controlling heating rates of the one or more electrical heaters or another process parameter associated with the treatment interval based on the determined available resources and based on an optimization model that outputs optimal process controls based on the determined available resource. ### Claim 26 (depends on 25) The method of claim 25, wherein determining available resources for the treatment of the subterranean formation comprises determining at least one of available surface water or ground water for the treatment of the subterranean formation. ### Claim 27 (depends on 26) The method of claim 26, further comprising estimating water availability based on predicted snowmelt for a watershed utilized to source process water. ### Claim 28 (depends on 27) The method of claim 27, wherein selectively controlling heating rates of the one or more electrical heaters or other process parameters associated with the treatment interval is based on the estimated water availability. ### Claim 29 (depends on 28) The method of claim 28, wherein one or more heating rates are reduced in response to a estimated water availability being above or below a predetermined value. ### Claim 30 (depends on 26) The method of claim 26, wherein one or more heating rates are increased in response to estimated water availability being above or below a predetermined value. ### Claim 31 (depends on 26) The method of claim 26, wherein the heating rates are set to values determined by the optimization model and based on the determined available resource. ### Claim 32 (depends on 25) The method of claim 25, wherein the determined available resource comprises one or more of available renewable energy, available production equipment, or sales prices for a product produced from the treatment interval. ### Claim 33 (depends on 25) The method of claim 25, wherein selectively controlling the heating rates comprises controlling heating rates when market prices for a predetermined product or derivative product produced from the subterranean formation have changed relative to a threshold value or range. ### Claim 34 (depends on 25) The method of claim 25, wherein selectively controlling the one or more heating rates is performed dynamically based on real-time feedback concerning availability of a production resource. ### Claim 35 (depends on 25) The method of claim 25, further comprising activating additional heaters in the treatment interval based on a solution provided by the optimization model and in response to the determined available resource changing relative to a threshold value. ### Claim 36 (depends on 25) The method of claim 25, wherein the one or more in situ heating processes comprises at least one heating process selected from the group consisting of heating the formation with a heat transfer fluid introduced into the formation at a sustained temperature above 265 degrees C., electrically conductive fractures, or electrically conductive, resistive heating elements relying upon thermal conduction as a primary heat transfer mechanism. ### Claim 37 (depends on 25) The method of claim 25, further comprising: recovering one or more formation water-soluble minerals from the formation by flushing the formation with an aqueous fluid to dissolve one or more first water-soluble minerals in the aqueous fluid to form a first aqueous solution; and producing the first aqueous solution to the surface. ### Claim 38 (depends on 37) The method of claim 37, wherein flushing the formation is initiated based on determining at least one of available surface water or available ground water for the treatment of the subterranean formation. ### Claim 39 (depends on 38) The method of claim 38, wherein flushing of the formation for producing the first aqueous solution to the surface is performed before or after substantially heating the formation and producing hydrocarbons from the formation, and the one or more formation water-soluble minerals comprise sodium, nahcolite (sodium bicarbonate), dawsonite, soda ash, or combinations thereof. ### Claim 40 A tangible computer-readable storage medium includes embodied thereon a computer program configured to, when executed by a processor, calculate at least one optimal solution for selectively adjusting heating rates for one or more in situ heaters for a treatment interval within a subterranean formation based on running a optimization model utilizing one or more of variable, intermittent source power, utility prices, and/or estimated available production resources, the computer-readable storage medium comprising one or more code segments configured to run the optimization model to output the at least one optimal solution.