# US 8,539,891 B2 · Method for reducing air flow when operating a coal burner > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 8,539,891 B2 - Document ID: US8539891B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 13/632,684 - Filed: 2012-10-01 - Published: 2013-01-31 - Granted: 2013-09-24 - Earliest claimed: 2008-07-30 - Assignees: Headwaters Energy Services Corporation - Applicants: Headwaters Energy Services Corporation - Inventors: Rafic Minkara; N. Stan Harding - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US8539891B2 ## CPC - F23K 1/00: Preparation of lump or pulverulent fuel in readiness for delivery to combustion apparatus - F23K 2900/01001: Cleaning solid fuel before combustion to achieve reduced emissions - F23K: FEEDING FUEL TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS (fuel feeders specially adapted for fluidised bed combustion apparatus F23C10/22) ## Abstract An initial coal is cleaned to reduce ash content by ≧20% and yield refined coal that optimizes combustion air flow through a coal burner. This permits conveyance of pulverized refined coal in suspended condition through feeder pipes of the coal burner using reduced air flow compared to the quantity of air required to convey pulverized initial coal in suspended condition through the feeder pipes. This reduces oxygen in the primary combustion zone, lowering conversion of fuel nitrogen into NOx and instead converting it into N2 using the refined coal product. Reduced primary combustion air also reduces core flame temperature, reducing thermal NOx formation using the refined coal product. Increasing secondary and/or tertiary combustion air compensates for reduced primary combustion air and result in overall decrease in NOx formation (e.g., thermal NOx formation is reduced when combustion completed in cooler secondary and/or tertiary combustion zones). ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method for reducing an air/fuel ratio required to convey pulverized coal through feeder pipes of a coal burner in suspended condition without settling out and into a primary combustion zone of the coal burner, the method comprising, obtaining an initial coal having a dry basis ash content and density such that pulverized initial coal with 70% passing through a 200 mesh screen and at least 99% passing through a 50 mesh screen made from the initial coal requires a first air/fuel ratio to maintain the pulverized initial coal in suspended condition without settling out when conveyed through the feeder pipes of the coal burner; cleaning the initial coal to reduce the dry basis ash content by at least about 20% and thereby yield a refined coal having a reduced density compared to the density of the initial coal; pulverizing the refined coal to yield pulverized refined coal; conveying the pulverized refined coal in suspended condition without settling out through the feeder pipes of the coal burner to the primary combustion zone using a second air/fuel ratio that is reduced by at least about 5% compared to the first air/fuel ratio required to maintain pulverized initial coal in suspended condition without settling out when conveyed through the feeder pipes of the coal burner; and burning the pulverized refined coal in the primary combustion zone of the coal burner. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) A method as in claim 1, the initial coal comprising primary coal having a dry basis ash content of at least about 15%, the refined coal being cleaned to have a dry basis ash content of less than about 10%. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) A method as in claim 1, the initial coal comprising a secondary or waste coal feedstock having a dry basis ash content of at least about 40%, the refined coal being cleaned to have a dry basis ash content of less than about 20%. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) A method as in claim 1, the refined coal being cleaned to have a dry basis ash content that is less than about 80% of the first dry basis ash content of the initial coal. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) A method as in claim 1, the refined coal being cleaned to have a dry basis ash content that is less than about 60% of the first dry basis ash content of the initial coal. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) A method as in claim 1, the refined coal being cleaned to have a dry basis ash content that is less than about 40% of the first dry basis ash content of the initial coal. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) A method as in claim 1, the refined coal having a mercury content of less than about 50% of the mercury content of the initial coal. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) A method as in claim 1, the initial coal being cleaned by at least one of dry jigging or wet processing. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) A method as in claim 1, wherein the quantity of air used in conveying the pulverized refined coal in suspended condition through the feeder pipes of the coal burner to the primary combustion zone is reduced by at least about 5% compared to the quantity of air required to maintain pulverized initial coal in suspended condition without settling out when conveyed through the feeder pipes of the coal burner. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1) A method as in claim 1, wherein the quantity of air used in conveying the pulverized refined coal in suspended condition through the feeder pipes of the coal burner to the primary combustion zone is reduced by at least about 10% compared to the quantity of air required to maintain pulverized initial coal in suspended condition without settling out when conveyed through the feeder pipes of the coal burner. ### Claim 11 (depends on 1) A method as in claim 1, the initial coal having a first dry basis ash content such that pulverized initial coal made from the initial coal requires a first minimum air/fuel ratio in the primary combustion zone to maintain a stable flame, wherein burning the pulverized refined coal in the primary combustion zone of the coal burner maintains a stable flame while using a second minimum air/fuel ratio in the primary combustion zone that is reduced by at least 10% compared to the less than the first minimum air/fuel ratio required to maintain a stable flame when burning initial pulverized coal in the coal burner. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) A method as in claim 11, the second minimum air/fuel ratio being reduced by at least about 15% compared to the first minimum air/fuel ratio required to maintain a stable flame when burning initial pulverized coal in the coal burner. ### Claim 13 (depends on 1) A method as in claim 1, the second air/fuel ratio being reduced by at least about 10% compared to the first air/fuel ratio. ### Claim 14 (depends on 1) A method as in claim 1, the second air/fuel ratio being reduced by at least about 15% compared to the first air/fuel ratio. ### Claim 15 (depends on 11) A method as in claim 11, further comprising operating the coal burning using an increased quantity of secondary and/or tertiary air to complete combustion compared to a quantity of secondary and/or tertiary air required to complete combustion when burning initial pulverized coal in the coal burner using the first minimum air/fuel ratio in the primary combustion zone. ### Claim 16 (depends on 15) A method as in claim 15, the increased quantity of secondary and/or tertiary air resulting in a lower combustion temperature of the coal burner compared to a temperature of the coal burner when burning initial pulverized coal in the coal burner using the first minimum air/fuel ratio in the primary combustion zone. ### Claim 17 (depends on 16) A method as in claim 16, wherein burning the pulverized refined coal in the coal burner using the second air/fuel ratio in the primary combustion zone and the increased quantity of secondary and/or tertiary air results in the coal burner emitting a second quantity of NOx that is reduced by at least about 10% compared to a first quantity of NOx produced when burning the initial coal in the coal burner. ### Claim 18 (depends on 16) A method as in claim 16, wherein burning the pulverized refined coal in the coal burner using the second air/fuel ratio in the primary combustion zone and the increased quantity of secondary and/or tertiary air results in the coal burner emitting a second quantity of NOx that is reduced by at least about 20% compared to a first quantity of NOx produced when burning the initial coal in the coal burner. ### Claim 19 (depends on 16) A method as in claim 16, wherein burning the pulverized refined coal in the coal burner using the second air/fuel ratio in the primary combustion zone and the increased quantity of secondary and/or tertiary air results in the coal burner emitting a second quantity of NOx that is reduced by at least about 30% compared to a first quantity of NOx produced when burning the initial coal in the coal burner. ### Claim 20 (depends on 16) A method as in claim 16, wherein burning the pulverized refined coal in the coal burner using the second air/fuel ratio in the primary combustion zone and the increased quantity of secondary and/or tertiary air results in the coal burner emitting a second quantity of NOx that is reduced by at least about 50% compared to a first quantity of NOx produced when burning the initial coal in the coal burner. ### Claim 21 A method for reducing an air/fuel ratio required to convey pulverized coal through feeder pipes of a coal burner in suspended condition without settling out and into a primary combustion zone of the coal burner, the method comprising, obtaining an initial coal having a dry basis ash content of at least 30% and a density such that pulverized initial coal with 70% passing through a 200 mesh screen and at least 99% passing through a 50 mesh screen made from the initial coal requires a first air/fuel ratio to maintain the pulverized initial coal in suspended condition without settling out when conveyed through the feeder pipes of the coal burner; cleaning the initial coal to reduce the dry basis ash content by at least about 20% and thereby yield a refined coal having a second dry basis ash content of less than about 20% and a reduced density compared to the density of the initial coal; pulverizing the refined coal to yield pulverized refined coal; conveying the pulverized refined coal in suspended condition without settling out through the feeder pipes of the coal burner to the primary combustion zone using a second air/fuel ratio that is reduced by at least about 5% compared to the first air/fuel ratio required to maintain pulverized initial coal in suspended condition without settling out when conveyed through the feeder pipes of the coal burner; burning the pulverized refined coal in the primary combustion zone of the coal burner with an air/fuel ratio on a mass/mass basis of less than about 2; and introducing a secondary air and/or tertiary air into the coal burner so as to maintain a combustor exit oxygen level of at least about 1%. ### Claim 22 A method for reducing an air/fuel ratio required to convey pulverized coal through feeder pipes of a coal burner in suspended condition without settling out and into a primary combustion zone of the coal burner, the method comprising, providing a refined coal obtained by cleaning an initial coal having a first dry basis ash content, a first density, and a first carbon content such that pulverized initial coal with 70% passing through a 200 mesh screen and at least 99% passing through a 50 mesh screen made from the initial coal requires a first air/fuel ratio to maintain the pulverized initial coal in suspended condition without settling out when conveyed through the feeder pipes of the coal burner, the refined coal having a second dry basis ash content that is reduced by at least about 20% compared to the first dry basis ash content of the initial coal, a second density lower than the first density, and a second carbon content greater than the first carbon content; pulverizing the refined coal to yield pulverized refined coal; conveying the pulverized refined coal in suspended condition without settling out through the feeder pipes of the coal burner to the primary combustion zone using a second air/fuel ratio that is reduced by at least about 5% compared to the first air/fuel ratio required to maintain pulverized initial coal in suspended condition without settling out when conveyed through the feeder pipes of the coal burner; and burning the pulverized refined coal in the primary combustion zone of the coal burner. ### Claim 23 A method for reducing an air/fuel ratio required to convey pulverized coal through feeder pipes of a coal burner in suspended condition without settling out and into a primary combustion zone of the coal burner, the method comprising, providing a refined coal obtained by cleaning an initial coal having a dry basis ash content of at least 30% and a first density such that pulverized initial coal with 70 % passing through a 200 mesh screen and at least 99% passing through a 50 mesh screen made from the initial coal requires a first air/fuel ratio to maintain the pulverized initial coal in suspended condition without settling out when conveyed through the feeder pipes of the coal burner, the refined coal having a second dry basis ash content of less than about 20% and a second density that is lower than the first density; pulverizing the refined coal to yield pulverized refined coal; conveying the pulverized refined coal in suspended condition without settling out through the feeder pipes of the coal burner to the primary combustion zone using a second air/fuel ratio that is reduced by at least about 5% compared to the first air/fuel ratio required to maintain pulverized initial coal in suspended condition without settling out when conveyed through the feeder pipes of the coal burner; and burning the pulverized refined coal in the primary combustion zone of the coal burner. ### Claim 24 A method for reducing the air/fuel ratio required to convey pulverized coal through feeder pipes of a coal burner in suspended condition, prevent coal lay-down in the feeder pipes, and maintain a stable flame within a primary combustion zone of the coal burner, the method comprising, providing a refined coal obtained by cleaning an initial coal having a first dry basis ash content, a first density, and a first carbon content such that pulverized initial coal made from the initial coal requires a first air/fuel ratio to maintain the pulverized initial coal in suspended condition without settling out when conveyed through the feeder pipes of the coal burner and maintain a stable flame within the primary combustion zone of the coal burner, the refined coal having a second dry basis ash content that is reduced by at least about 20% compared to the first dry basis ash content of the initial coal, a second density lower than the first density, and a second carbon content greater than the first carbon content; pulverizing the refined coal to yield pulverized refined coal; conveying the pulverized refined coal in suspended condition through the feeder pipes of the coal burner to the primary combustion zone using a second air/fuel ratio that is reduced by at least about 5% compared to first air/fuel ratio yet maintains the pulverized refined coal in suspended condition without coal lay-down when conveying it through the feeder pipes of the coal burner and maintains a stable flame within the primary combustion zone of the coal burner; and burning the pulverized refined coal in the primary combustion zone of the coal burner and maintaining a stable flame using the second air/fuel ratio.