Liquid crystal display element with structures defining nonlinearly arranged openings linking contiguous pixels

A liquid crystal display element comprising:

• a first substrate on which a first electrode is provided;
• a second substrate on which a second electrode is provided;
• a liquid crystal layer provided between the first substrate and the second substrate;
• and
• a plurality of first wall surface structures arranged to define a plurality of pixels in the liquid crystal layer, wherein
• each gap between each two adjacent first wall surface structures defines an opening which links two contiguous pixels,
• a plurality of openings defined by gaps between the plurality of first wall surface structures are arranged nonlinearly in a first direction along which the first electrode runs and which is parallel to a surface plane of the first substrate, in a second direction along which the second electrode runs and which is parallel to a surface plane of the second substrate, or in both the first direction and the second direction,
• the plurality of first wall surface structures include the first wall surface structures of a first type and the first wall surface structures of a second type,
• each first wall surface structure of the first type has a cross-shaped cross section where an arm of a first length along the first direction and an arm of a second length along the second direction cross,
• each first wall surface structure of the second type has a cross-shaped cross section where an arm of the second length along the first direction and an arm of the first length along the second direction cross, and
• the first length and the second length are different from each other.