Functionalization of organic surfaces

A heterobifunctional molecule comprising:

• a photoactive anchor that is capable of covalently binding to a surface by reacting with a C—H bond on the surface, wherein the photoactive anchor is selected from the group consisting of phthalimide, benzophenone, phenyl azide, xanthone, thioxanthone, sulfonyl azide, and phenyl diazirine;
• a terminal functional group having a click functionality, wherein the terminal functional group is selected from the group consisting of alkene, trimethylsilyl-protected alkyne, azide, nitrile, thiol, alkene, maleimide, streptavidin, biotin, antibody, antigen, integrin, fibronectin, epoxide, nucleophile, and thiiranium;
• and
• a spacer group that bridges the photoactive anchor and the terminal functional group, wherein the spacer is selected from the group consisting of oligomeric or polymeric forms of alkanes, alkane esters, alkane ethers, ethylene glycols, acetylenes, and phenylenes.