Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising:

• a conductive support;
• an intermediate layer provided on the conductive support;
• and
• a photosensitive layer provided on the intermediate layer and comprising a charge-generating substance and a hole-transporting substance,
• wherein at least one of the intermediate layer and the photosensitive layer comprises a compound represented by the following formula (1):
• wherein, in the formula (1), R1 and R2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and X represents a group having a structure represented by the following formula (X1) or (X2):
• wherein, in the formula (X1), R3 to R6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a halogen atom, a methoxy group, or an atomic group for forming an aromatic ring together with Rn and Rn+1, n represents an integer from 3 to 5, and the aromatic ring is unsubstituted or substituted with a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a nitro group,
• wherein, in the formula (X2), R7 to R12 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having a 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a halogen atom, a methoxy group, a nitro group, a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or an atomic group for forming an aromatic ring together with Rn and Rn+1, and n represents an integer from 7 to 11.