Fused thiophenes and methods for making and using same

A compound having the formula:

• Q5-Z1-Q6 23,
• wherein Z1 has one of the following formulae wherein Z1 has one of the following formulae 24A, 24B, 24C, 24D, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30:
• wherein n is 3, 4, or 5;
• m is 2, 3, or 4;
• G is selected from —Se—, —Te—, —B(R3)—, —P(R3)—, and —Si(R3)(R4)—;
• each T is independently selected from S and SO2;
• R1 and R2 are the same or different and are selected from hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl;
• Q5 and Q6 are the same or different and are selected from hydrogen, a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid derivative, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an aldehyde group, an aldehyde derivative, a ketone group, a hydroxyl group, an unsubstituted thiol group, a substituted thiol group, an alkoxy group, an acrylate group, an amino group, a vinyl group, a vinyl ether group, or a halide, provided that, when Z1 has formula 24A or 24B, at least one of Q5 and Q6 is a thioester, an oxazoline moiety, or an acetal.