Method of manufacturing piezoelectric element and method of manufacturing liquid ejection head

A method of manufacturing a piezoelectric element, comprising:

• a piezoelectric element forming step of forming a piezoelectric element including an upper electrode, a lower electrode and a piezoelectric film, the upper and lower electrodes being configured to be arranged on the piezoelectric film, the piezoelectric film being deposited in epitaxial growth or orientated growth;
• a heating step of heating the piezoelectric film to a temperature not lower than a temperature at which a coercive electric field of the piezoelectric film becomes not higher than 0 V;
• an electric field application step of applying to the piezoelectric film, an applied electric field in an opposite direction to a direction of orientation of the piezoelectric film while maintaining the temperature to which the piezoelectric film is heated in the heating step;
• and
• a temperature lowering step of lowering a temperature of the piezoelectric film to a temperature, in degrees Celsius, not higher than ⅓ of the Curie temperature while maintaining the applied electric field of a magnitude not lower than the coercive electric field applied to the piezoelectric film after the electric field application step, and then releasing the applied electric field applied to the piezoelectric film.