Charging member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

A charging member, comprising:

• a substrate;
• an elastic layer;
• and
• a surface layer,
• wherein:
• the surface layer contains a polymer having a Si-O-Ti bond;
• and
• the polymer has a constitutional unit represented by the following general formula (1) and a constitutional unit represented by the following general formula (2):
• where R1 and R2 each independently represent any one of the following general formulae (3) to (6):
• where:
• R3 to R7, R10 to R14, R19, R20, R25, and R26 each independently represent hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, or an amino group;
• R8, R9, R15 to R18, R23, R24, and R29 to R32 each independently represent hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
• R21, R22, R27, and R28 each independently represent hydrogen, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
• n, m, l, q, s, and t each independently represent an integer of 1 or more and 8 or less;
• p and r each independently represent an integer of 4 or more and 12 or less;
• x and y each independently represent 0 or 1;
• and
• * and ** represent bonding positions with a silicon atom and an oxygen atom in the general formula (1), respectively.