# US 8,465,858 B2 · Development of a novel method for preparation of PEMFC electrodes

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- Number: US 8,465,858 B2
- Document ID: US8465858B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 11/191,605
- Filed: 2005-07-28
- Published: 2006-02-23
- Granted: 2013-06-18
- Earliest claimed: 2004-07-28
- Assignees: University of South Carolina
- Applicants: Branko N. Popov; Hansung Kim
- Inventors: Branko N. Popov; Hansung Kim
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US8465858B2

## CPC

- H01M 4/8853: {Electrodeposition}
- C25D 3/50: of platinum group metals
- C25D 5/18: Electroplating using modulated, pulsed or reversing current
- C25D 5/56: of plastics
- C25D 5/605: {Surface topography of the layers, e.g. rough, dendritic or nodular layers}
- C25D 5/617: {Crystalline layers}
- C25D 7/00: Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- H01M 4/8807: {Gas diffusion layers}
- H01M 4/8882: {Heat treatment, e.g. drying, baking}
- H01M 4/92: Metals of platinum group (H01M4/94 {, H01M4/9058} take precedence)
- H01M 4/926: {on carbon or graphite}
- H01M 8/1007: with both reactants being gaseous or vaporised (H01M8/12 takes precedence)
- Y02E 60/50: Fuel cells
- H01M: PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- C25D: PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- Y02E: REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION

## Abstract

A method based on pulse electrodeposition technique was developed for preparation of membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). In this approach, platinum is deposited directly on the surface of the carbon electrode. The method ensures most of the platinum to be in close contact with the membrane. Using this method it is possible to increase the Pt/C ratio up to 75 wt % near the surface of the electrode resulting in a 5 μm thick catalyst layer. The MEA prepared by pulse electrodeposition exhibits a current density of 0.33 A/cm2 at 0.8 V with platinum loading of 0.25 mg of Pt/cm2. The results indicate that pulse deposition may be an attractive technique to replace the conventional powder-type MEA preparation methods and help achieve industry goals of reducing catalyst cost and increasing efficiency in polymer electrode membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs).

## Claims

### Claim 1

A method of making a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell comprising the steps of:
contacting an uncatalyzed carbon electrode having a surface area with an electrodeposition solution containing ions of a catalytic metal, the uncatalyzed carbon electrode including a hydrophobic layer comprising carbon and a hydrophilic layer comprising carbon;
applying a pulse current to said electrodeposition solution to deposit said catalytic metal on said surface area of said carbon electrode thereby forming a catalyst layer; and
heat treating said catalyzed carbon electrode.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

A method of making a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell as defined in claim 1, wherein the step of contacting comprises contacting said uncatalyzed carbon electrode with an electrodeposition solution containing Pt ions.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

A method of making a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell as defined in claim 1, wherein said catalyst layer has a thickness of less than 12 μm.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

A method of making a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell as defined in claim 1, wherein said catalyst layer has a thickness of less than 8 μm.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

A method of making a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell as defined in claim 1, wherein said catalyst layer has a thickness of less than 4 μm.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

A method of making a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell as defined in claim 1, wherein the ratio of catalytic metal to carbon of said catalyst layer is at least 25 wt. % within less than 6 μm of said surface area.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

A method of making a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell as defined in claim 1, wherein the ratio of catalytic metal to carbon of said catalyst layer is at least 50 wt. % within less than 4 μm of said surface area.

### Claim 8 (depends on 1)

A method of making a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell as defined in claim 1, wherein the ratio of catalytic metal to carbon of said catalyst layer is at least 75 wt. % within less than 2 μm of said surface area.

### Claim 9 (depends on 1)

A method of making a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell as defined in claim 1, wherein the pulse current density is from about 20 mA/cm2 to about 600 mA/cm2.